Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge for UPSC 2020

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge for UPSC 2020 Hello All, After a long time, we are bringing back the daily answer writing challenge for Public Administration.  This is a daily answer writing program for public administration optional. The main highlight of the programme is it have a detailed analysis and evaluation by our mentors. This program is free of cost.  This is a daily practice section with 2 questions per day There will be NO questions on Sunday.  Your answers will be evaluated by our mentors on a priority basis. The evaluation sessions are handled by aspirants who got 300+ in Public Administration in Civil Service examination Program is designed with an objective to complete the syllabus by January. Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge Day 1 https://youtu.be/y-o4-3nKKQc Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge-UPSC 2020 – Day 1

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge For UPSC 2020 Day 1 Question 1 “Public Administration is constantly being reinvented because it is contextual.”  Elaborate. Question 2 “Public Administration and its scope are defined by the activities of the government.” Evaluate Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now

Criminal Justice Reforms

Criminal Justice Reforms Criminal Justice System in India is an age-old system primarily based upon the Penal legal system that was established by the British Rule in India. It is established by a government to control crime in the country. It protects the rights and personal liberty of individuals and the society against its invasion by others. It can impose penalties on those who violate the established laws. The Criminal law in India is justified in various sources like The Indian Penal Code of 1860, the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. Why reforms are needed? Criminal law is considered to be the most apparent expression of the relationship between a state and its citizens, so the following are to be considered: Victimological underpinnings ought to be given a major thrust in reforming laws to identify the rights of crime victims. Construction of new offences and reworking of the existing classification of offences must be informed by the principles of criminal jurisprudence which have substantially altered in the past four decades Chapters of the IPC are overloaded at several places. Unprincipled criminalisation must be avoided to save the state from dealing with too many entrants into the criminal justice system. Malimath Committee and its relevance: The government formed a panel to suggest reform in the century-old criminal justice system. It was headed by Justice V.S. Malimath, the former Chief Justice of Kerala and Karnataka in 2000. It had the task of examining the fundamental principles of criminal law so as to restore confidence in the criminal justice system. This also involved reviewing the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, and the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860. A report was submitted by the committee in 2003 with 158 recommendations which were never implemented. Malimath Committee seemed to have concentrated on the rights of the victims.  In order to make the investigations more effective, it suggests the setting up of a State Security Commission to insulate the police from political pressure. The committee does not favour the death penalty for rapists. Read Also  Self-help group Drawbacks of the Malimath Committee: The report does not take into account the increased burden on the court and the need for far greater infrastructure. Speedy trials, fast-track courts, the huge population and access to courts have been neglected. Crimes against members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes do not find mention in the report. Suggestions The government has implemented a number of recommendations like permitting videography of statements, the definition of rape has been expanded and new offences against women have been added. The victim compensation is now a part of the law. The Government is in the process to draft a new Memorandum of Procedure (MoP) for the appointment of High Court and Supreme Court Judges. The government has removed more than 1000 obsolete laws which came in the way of smooth administration. The Government has given its approval for implementation of an umbrella scheme of ‘Modernisation of Police Forces’ with proper use of technology. The Gram Nyayalayas and Lok Adalats were established to provide access to justice to the citizens at their doorsteps. The Legal Service Authority Act was enacted by the Parliament with an object to provide free and competent legal service to the weaker section of society. Way forward: Criminal justice is directionless and in a state of policy ambiguity. India needs to draft a clear policy that should inform the changes to be envisaged in the IPC or CrPC. Another systemic error is that of non-adherence to a particular theory of punishment. The criminal justice system often swings between the three theories of deterrence, retribution and reformation depending on its convenience. Finally, these reforms will be of no consequence unless simultaneous improvements are made in the police, prosecution, judiciary and in prisons. UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge For UPSC 2020 Day 2

Day 2  Question 1 “Public in Public Administration is defined by the activities of the government.” Analyse Question 2 “The scope of the discipline of Public Administration is determined by what an administrative system does.” Does it mean that the scope of this discipline is boundaryless? Explain Comment Your Answers Below Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge Day 3 Public Administration UPSC Notes Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge Day 3

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge For UPSC 2020 Day 3 Question 1 The advent of the concept of roll back of the state since the nineteen eighties has been altering the role of public administration but certainly not diminishing its central place in human society. Discuss Question 2 The new public administration (NPM) is an incarnation of a new model of public sector management in response of the challenge of liberalization, international competitiveness and technological changes. Explain. Comment Your Answers Below Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now

Fiscal Federalism in India

Fiscal Federalism in India Fiscal Federalism refers to the division of responsibilities with regards to public expenditure and taxation between the different levels of the government. The Government of India Act 1919 and 1935 formalized the tenets of fiscal federalism and revenue sharing between the Centre and the states. It allows the government to optimize their costs on economies. The Constitution has provided provisions which enable the Union and the States to work in coordination and to levy and collect these taxes through systematic arrangements, provisions like- Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but assigned to the States. Taxes levied by the Centre but collected and kept by the States. Sharing of proceeds of income from some taxes. Grant-in-aid provided by the Centre to the States. Grants provided for any public purpose. Fiscal relations in India between the union and state governments have undergone significant changes in recent years. Three landmark changes in union-state fiscal relations since 2015-16 have been: The abolition of the Planning Commission on January 2015 and the subsequent creation of the NITI Aayog. Fundamental changes in the system of revenue transfers from the centre to the states by providing higher tax devolution to the states from the fiscal year 2015-16 onwards based on the recommendations of the Fourteenth Finance Commission (14th FC); The Constitutional amendment to introduce the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the establishment of the GST Council for the central and state governments to deliberate and jointly take decisions. Need for Redefining Fiscal Federalism in India Horizontal imbalances : Replacing the Planning Commission with NITI Aayog has reduced the policy outreach of government by relying only on a single instrument of fiscal federalism i.e.  Finance commission. This approach can lead to a serious problem of increasing regional and sub-regional inequities.The horizontal imbalances arise because of differing levels of attainment by the states due to differential growth rates and their developmental status in terms of the state of social or infrastructure capital. Horizontal imbalances involve two types of imbalances: Type I is to do with the adequate provision of basic public goods and services. Type II is due to growth accelerating infrastructure or the transformational capital deficits. Vertical imbalance: Vertical imbalance arises due to the fiscal asymmetry in powers of taxation vested with the different levels of government in relation to their expenditure responsibilities prescribed by the constitution. In India’s fiscal federalism, the central government has a far greater domain of taxation Central Government collects around 60% of the total taxes, while its expenditure responsibility is only 40% of the total public expenditure. Such vertical imbalances are even sharper in the case of the third tier consisting of elected local bodies and panchayats. Vertical imbalances can adversely affect India’s urbanization, the quality of local public goods and thus further aggravating the negative externalities for the environment and climate change. Read Also  Secularism in India Restructuring the Fiscal Federalism India’s Fiscal Federalism needs to be restructured. By restructuring Finance Commission, NITI Aayog, GST and decentralization, it can eliminate the inadequacies of vertical and horizontal imbalances. Finance Commission must be relieved from the dual task of dealing with the provision of basic public goods and services and capital deficits. It should be confined to focusing on removal of basic public goods imbalance (Type I). NITI Aayog, for dealing in the realm of infrastructure and capital deficits (Type II).It should be engaged with the allocation of capital in a way different than that used by the Finance Commission with different parameters for allocation. NITI Aayog should receive significant resources (1% to 2% of the GDP) to remove regional and sub-regional disparities among states by reducing development imbalances in the areas of infrastructure deficit. NITI Aayog should be mandated to create an independent evaluation office which will monitor and evaluate the efficacy of the utilization of revenue and capital grants. It should also be an integral part of the decision making processes as it can effectively negotiate between the states for the transfer of resources. Decentralization can serve as the new fiscal federalism by strengthening local finances and state finance commission. Local public finance: the creation of an urban local body or the Panchayati Raj institutions consolidated fund. Centre and States should contribute an equal proportion of their Central GST(CGST)and State GST (SGST) collections and send the money to the consolidated fund of the third tier. One-sixth sharing of the CGST and SGST with the third tier can generate more than 1% of the GDP every year for the financing of public goods by urban-level bodies. State FinanceCommissionsshould be accorded the same status as the Union Finance Commission and the 3Fs of democratic decentralization (funds, functions, and functionaries) should be implemented properly. Goods and Services Tax should be simplified in its structure and by ensuring: Single Rate GST: with suitable surcharges on sin goods, zero ratings of exports and reforming the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) and the e-way bill. GST is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax that is levied on every value addition. GST is one indirect tax for the entire country. The GST council is the key decision-making body that will take all important decisions regarding the GST. The GST Council should undertake reforms in an informed and transparent manner, by creating its own secretariat and independent experts. Read Also Criminal Justice Reforms Concern and issues in India The Indian Constitution lays down the functions as well as taxing powers of the Centre and States. It is against this background that the issues relating to vertical and horizontal imbalances are addressed by every Finance Commission. Central transfers to States are not confined to the recommendations of the Finance Commissions. There are other channels such as those through the Planning Commission until recently and the discretionary grants of the Central government. In 2010-11, in the combined revenue receipts of the Centre and States, the share of the Centre was around 64%. But after the transfer, the share came down to nearly 40%. Thus the shares of Centre and states got reversed after the transfers. In 2016-17, the

India – Nepal Relations

India – Nepal Relations India and Nepal share a unique relationship of friendship and cooperation as close neighbours characterized by open borders and deep-rooted people-to-people contacts of kinship and culture. Nepal shares a border with five Indian States – Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Historical ties Hinduism and Buddhism Nepal and India share a cultural history around the development of the two major religions of the world – Hinduism and Buddhism. Buddha was born in Lumbini located in present-day Nepal. Later Buddha came to India, where he got enlightenment. Later Buddhism spread to other parts of the World. Hinduism originated in India. Hinduism is a major religion in present-day Nepal. ‘Roti-Beti ka Rishta’ Nepal and India share a cultural history around the development of the two major religions of the world – Hinduism and Buddhism. Buddha was born in Lumbini located in present-day Nepal. Later Buddha came to India, where he got enlightenment. Later Buddhism spread to other parts of the World. Hinduism originated in India. Hinduism is a major religion in present-day Nepal. ‘Roti-Beti ka Rishta’ People of both countries benefit from the open borders and unhindered movement across it. This helps the citizens of both countries in both livelihoods as well as to have strong people to people contact and close bonds through marriages and familial ties. Read GS Full Notes India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 The special relations between the two nations date back to the India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950. It is a bilateral treaty establishing a close strategic relationship signed at Kathmandu. The treaty allows free movement of people and goods between the two nations and a close relationship and collaboration on matters of defence and foreign policy. The treaty talks about reciprocal treatment of Indian and Nepali citizens, establishes national treatment for both Indian and Nepalese businesses, and gives Nepal access to weaponry from India. The Treaty has enabled Nepal to overcome the disadvantages of being a land-locked country.   Economic Ties Trade and businesses India is Nepal’s largest trade partner as well as the largest source of foreign investments. India also provides transit for almost the entire third-country trade of Nepal. Nepal uses Kolkata port for its sea trade. Indian companies also engage in various economic activities in Nepal. There is Indian presence in their manufacturing, power, tourism and service sector. Development Aid and Assistance India gives financial and technical aid to Nepal’s developmental activities. The focus areas include grass-root infrastructure, health and education, water resources and rural development. Connectivity The biggest disadvantages of Nepal are that it is landlocked and has difficult terrain. It is difficult for it to create connectivity towards the north (Tibet) due to the lofty Himalayas. In this context, India plays a crucial part, being the gateway of Nepal to the world with open borders and connectivity initiatives enhancing people-to-people contact and economic growth and development. Linking Sagarmatha and Sagar – developing inland waterways to enhance the movement of Cargo and provide access to the sea. Developing railway connectivity – to link Kathmandu and Raxaul (Bihar). Read Also Non-governmental organization Cultural ties Hinduism and Buddhism have served India’s soft power in Nepal. Lumbini is part of the Buddhist circuit being developed. India has sister city agreements with Nepal Kathmandu-Varanasi Lumbini-Bodhgaya Janakpur-Ayodhya Apart from these initiatives promote people-to-people linkages in the area of art & culture, academics and media with different local bodies of Nepal.   Defence Ties India trains and equips the Nepalese Army and assist in its development in modern lines. According to the 1950 friendship treaty, Nepal can buy arms from India. The joint military exercise of India with Nepal is known as Surya Kiran. The Gorkha Regiments of the Indian Army are raised partly by recruitment from hill districts of Nepal. Disaster Management Nepal is frequently prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides and avalanches, cloudbursts and flash floods. This is mainly due to geographical factors that Nepal lies in a fragile zone (Himalayas – suture line of Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates). India provides assistance both in terms of personnel aid, technical aid and humanitarian assistance in such instances. Multilateral Ties India and Nepal share space on several multilateral forums such as BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) NAM, and SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) etc. Read Also New Industrial Policy Major Challenges in relations with Nepal Trust deficit India’s reputation has been eroding over years as the implementation of various projects has been delayed and facing issues. Political Instability Nepal has witnessed chronic political instability, including a 10-year violent insurgency, damaging Nepal’s development and economy. This has significantly affected its ties with India as the changing regimes flip-flopped between pro-India and pro-China stands. There was a brief economic blockade, during the Madhesi protest against the new constitution of Nepal in 2014, which led to Playing Big Brother There is a perception that India is tinkering with the internal affairs and political sovereignty of Nepal. This has led to an anti-India feeling among certain ethnic groups in Nepal. Internal Security The open borders with Nepal is also a matter of concern to the Indian security of India as it is exploited by terrorist outfits and insurgent groups from North Eastern part of India for infiltration of trained cadres, the supply of arms, and injecting fake Indian currency notes. China Factor Chinese influence is growing in Nepal which has led to the erosion of Indian leverage. Importance of Nepal and China Card Nepal is an important neighbour of India – both strategically and in international politics. It is a Himalayan nation and acts as a buffer state against China. Rivers originating in Nepal feed the perennial river systems of India – this ecologically important as well as there is huge hydro-power potential. Also, Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage centres in Nepal is of religious and cultural importance to India. Nepal has had different Political regimes which

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge Day 4

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge For UPSC 2022 Day 4 Question 1 Show how Barnard while analyzing the multiplicity of satisfactions, clearly identifies four specific inducements. Question 2 Examine the view that systems theory, despite its promises to the contrary, followed similar patterns that characterized the structural classical theories Comment Your Answers Below Practice UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice Test 9 GS 3 Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge Day 5

Public Administration Daily Answer Writing Challenge For UPSC 2020 Day 5 Question 1 Show how Barnard while analyzing the multiplicity of satisfactions, clearly identifies four specific inducements. Question 2 At one extreme, the vigour of judicial control may paralyze effective administration; at the other the result may be offensive bureaucratic tyranny exactly where the balance may be best struck is a major problem of judicial administration relationship Comment Your Answers Below Download UPSC Previous Year Questions Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now

Nagaland Peace Accord

Nagaland Peace Accord In 2015, an agreement was signed between the Centre and the Naga groups led by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah) after the latter agreed to give up its long-standing demand for sovereignty. There was a broad understanding on a settlement within the Indian constitutional framework, with due regard to the uniqueness of Naga history and tradition. The Naga Movement is the oldest movement for self-determination in India and is also the longest surviving insurgency. The presence of multiple factions representing the Naga interests makes the process of self-determination complicated. The distribution of Naga population in various states of the North-East such as Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Assam, and Nagaland, as well as in adjoining Myanmar further trivializes the issue of carving the ‘Greater Nagalim’ or a separate state for all the Nagas in the region. Why in news? Four years after the government inked the Naga peace accord in 2015, the Centre has now said that the process had almost concluded, despite the fact that the talks had hit a roadblock in its final stages. It is mainly because of unrealistic demands. NSCN (IM) has issued statements in the past claiming that it wanted a separate Constitution, flag and integration of all contiguous Naga-inhabited areas under Nagalim (Greater Nagaland). Nagaland Peace Accord – Background: In 1826, British annexed Assam and in 1881 Naga Hills too became part of British India. The Naga resistance started way back in 1918 when Naga club was formed. Since then Nagas have been asserting their distinct ethnic identity and demanding an independent homeland to preserve their culture. In 1946 the Naga National Council (NNC) was formed, which declared Nagaland an independent state on August 14, 1947. The NNC resolved to establish a sovereign Naga state and conducted a referendum in 1951, in which 99% of people supported an independent Nagaland. In March 1952, the underground Naga Federal Government (NFG) and the Naga Federal Army (NFA) was formed. The Government of India sent in the Army to crush the insurgency and, in 1958, enacted the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act. In November 1975, the government got a section of NNC leaders to sign the Shillong Accord, under which the section of NNC and NFG agreed to give up arms. A group of NNC members led by Thuingaleng Muivah refused to accept the agreement and formed National Socialist Council of Nagaland in 1980 with S. S. Khaplang. In 1988, the NSCN split into NSCN (IM) and NSCN (K) after a violent clash. NSCN (IM) emerged as a major insurgent group often termed as the “mother of all insurgencies in the region”. NSCN (IM) agreed to a ceasefire in 1997 and peace talks were held leading eventually to Naga Peace Accord in 2015. Issues faced by people of Nagaland due to insurgency: Extortion by insurgent groups has been a way of life for people living in India’s north-eastern states, particularly in Nagaland. It is an open secret that all separatist outfits run their own parallel governments and collect extortion money (sometimes more than 20 per cent of the annual income) from individuals, businesses, government departments and employees. While non-Nagas are heavily taxed, the Nagas themselves are not spared. Payment of this so-called “tax” to armed Naga groups is the only way to ensure safety. What makes the issue complex? NSCN (IM) demands a “Greater Nagalim”- that also includes parts of bordering states. The other states are wary of this and this makes the situation sensitive. There are groups within Nagaland that have demanded a state separate from that of NSCN (IM). Way forward: Unification of Naga-inhabited areas without disturbing the existing boundaries of the northeastern states (Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh) is viewed as a viable option. Maximum autonomy may be accorded in ethnic, cultural and developmental realms to autonomous councils for all Naga areas in Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and even Assam, through a suitable amendment to the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. Reckoning the unique history and legacy of the Nagas, a tribal cultural collective body could be constituted under an act of parliament. The government of Myanmar will have to be on board the Naga settlement, at least tacitly. Conclusion: There can be no solution without the integration of Nagas. But it would have to be achieved through a democratic process. It is imperative that prior to finalisation of any ‘framework agreement’, care is taken to see that there is an across the board acceptance of ‘fundamental principles’ and ‘objective necessities’.   Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now