Non – Aligned Movement (NAM)
Why in the NEWS? Recently, the Prime Minister of India participated in the Online Summit of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Contact Group 2020 themed “United against COVID-19”. This is the 1st time PM Modi is taking part in a NAM meeting since 2014 when he became the PM. Covid-19 pandemic and India’s renewed interest in NAM, have earmarked the relevance of Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) to pursue effective work programmers at the international level. Non-Aligned Movement was formed during the Cold War as an organization of States that did not seek to formally align themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union but sought to remain independent or neutral. The History of Non Aligned Movement – NAM The end of World War II was followed by various incidents like strengthening of Socialist bloc, collapse of colonial empires, the emergence of a bipolar world and the formation of two military blocks (NATO and the Warsaw Pact). In this context, the underdeveloped countries felt the need to take joint efforts for the common defense of their interests, the strengthening of their independence and sovereignty, and also to express a strong commitment with peace by declaring themselves as “non-aligned” from either of the two military blocks. Bandung Conference 1955 – The concept of NAM has its origin in the Asia-Africa conference held in Bandung, Indonesia. Belgrade Conference 1961 – NAM was founded and held its 1st Conference in Belgrade, Yugoslavia under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia. The purpose of the organization was enumerated in Havana Declaration of 1979 – to ensure “the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries” in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign subjugation. Presently, NAM has 120 members. There are 17 countries and 10 international organizations that are Observers at NAM. The Founders of NAM have preferred to declare it as a movement but not an organization in order to avoid bureaucratic implications of the latter. NAM does not have a permanent secretariat or a formal hierarchy. Its administration is rotational and non-hierarchy. Read Full GS Notes Objectives of NAM NAM has sought to “create an independent path in world politics that would not result in member States becoming pawns in the struggles between the major powers”. The primary objectives focused on support of self-determination; national independence; the struggle against colonialism, neo colonialism; disarmament; socioeconomic development and the restructuring of the international economic order; as well as international cooperation on an equal footing. However, the disintegration of USSR led to the formation of a Uni-polar world dominated by the US. With the end of cold war and end of colonialism & apartheid, it was seen that non-alignment lost its relevance as it failed to adjust itself to the changing global order. Has NAM lost relevance? – Criticisms Changing Geopolitics – NAM is seen as based on alignments rooted in the legacies of colonialism and the ideology of the Cold War. With the end of cold war and changing world order NAM is seen as losing its relevance. Pragmatism by Member Nations – Most of the NAM countries, India in particular, have integrated themselves to varying degrees within the liberal economic order and have benefited from it. India joining the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue led by US, and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation led by China has shown India’s balancing approach in new world order. Low Effectivity – Inability to adequately address problems and threats faced by the developing world has reduced the confidence in and credibility of the movement. Nuclear Proliferation – India has become a member of the G20 and has declared itself as a nuclear weapons power and has for all practical purposes abandoned the call for global nuclear disarmament. Lack of enough agreements or partnerships among the members on policies required to address challenges related to ensuring peace, security, and economic development of developing countries. Alternative platforms like BRICS, IBSA, SCO and G20 etc have emerged with overlapping agendas, reducing need and scope for NAM. The 21st-century world order is significantly different from that of the 20th-century. The importance of NAM, nevertheless, should not be undermined because it is a significant force that supported third world countries against western imperialism, coercion, and domination. Though the world has changed, the problems have remained almost the same. In this context, NAM can prove its worth by striving to work for the emerging contemporary issues. How is NAM still relevant? New Cold War – World has again moved towards bi-polarity, one led by US and other by China-Russia. This can be reflected in Trade War, Quad initiative, Indo-pacific narrative, emergence of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, naval presence in the Indian ocean, etc. The war-torn Syria is prime example of this, where both US and Russia is asserting power. Resurgence of Colonialism: Neo-Colonialism China’s investment in Africa and Asia through its Belt and Road initiative is criticized for being neo-colonialism in nature whereas NAM can help in establishing the ethos of collective action. Restructuring and Democratization of UN – NAM countries form 2/3rd of the membership of the UN General Assembly, and hence, it can form an important voting bloc. NAM, along with the G-77 gives superior numerical strength to developing countries and has helped keep many third world issues ahead of the agenda at the UN. Combating Global Issues – NAM becomes relevant to mobilize international public opinion against terrorism, weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), nuclear proliferation, ecological imbalance, safeguarding interests of developing countries in WTO (World Trade Organization) etc. Voice of Developing World – NAM can remains as a global platform where developing and smaller nations can bring to the fore their grievances and press the international community for reforms. If disputes arise between developed and developing nation at any point of a concerned topic for example WTO, then NAM act as a platform which negotiates and conclude disputes peacefully. Importance of Non Aligned Movement NAM for India Support for India’s candidature in UNSC – NAM’s total strength comprises 120 developing countries and most of them are members of the UN General Assembly. Thus, NAM members act as
BRICS
BRICS BRICS is an acronym for 5 emerging economies of the world viz. – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa. The BRIC idea was first conceived by economists of Goldman Sachs as part of an economic modelling exercise to forecast global economic trends over the next half century. The notion behind the coinage was that the nations’ economies would come to collectively dominate global growth by 2050. The main reason for co-operation to start among the BRICs nation was the financial crises of 2008. The crises raised doubts over sustainability of the dollar-dominated monetary system. Evolution of BRICS The leaders of BRIC countries met for the first time on the margins of G8 Outreach Summit 2006. The group was formalised as BRIC during the 1st BRIC Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in 2016. After a series of high-level meetings, the 1st BRIC summit was held in Russia in June 2009. BRIC group was renamed as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) after South Africa was accepted as a full member in 2010. BRICS cooperation in the past decade has expanded to include an annual programme of over 100 sectoral meetings. BRICS does not exist in form of organization, but it is an annual summit between the supreme leaders of these five nations. The BRICS grouping aims to promote peace, security, development and cooperation in the world. It also aims at making a positive impact on the development of humanity and establishing a more equitable and fairer world. Three Pillars of BRICS Political & Security – To enhance cooperation and dialogue on issues of global and regional security, developments in the global political space, cooperation on counterterrorism, as well as the reform of the multilateral system to make it relevant for the 21st century. Aims to pursue reform of multilateral institutions ranging from the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF to the WTO, and now even the World Health Organization. BRICS is attempting to pragmatically shape its counter-terrorism strategy by crafting the BRICS Counter Terrorism Action Plan Economic & Financial – To promote economic growth and development for mutual prosperity through expansion of intra-BRICS cooperation in sectors such as trade, agriculture, infrastructure, small and medium enterprises, energy, finance & banking etc. BRICS cooperation under this pillar is aimed to promote collaborative approaches as well as innovative methods for the attainment of Sustainable development Goals. Cultural & People-to-people exchanges – To enrich intra-BRICS people to people contacts in cultural, academic, youth, sports, business, through regular exchanges. Exchanges among Parliamentarians, young scientists etc. are also held under this pillar of BRICS cooperation. BRICS countries have been the main engines of global economic growth over the years. Over a period of time, BRICS countries have come together to deliberate on several important global and regional issues. Significance of BRICS – General Big Five Nations – it represents 42% of the world’s population, 27% of the land area, 23% of global GDP and 17% of international trade. North-South Bridge – BRICS strives to serve as a bridge between the Global North and Global South. Common Global Perspective – BRICS called for the reform of multilateral institutions in order that they reflect the structural changes in the world economy and the increasingly central role that emerging markets now play. Development Cooperation – developed a common perspective on a wide range of global and regional issues. established the New Development Bank (NDB). created a financial stability net in the form of Contingency Reserve Arrangement. From the Indian perspective, BRICS has emerged as the voice of developing countries, or the Global South. Significance of BRICS for India Safe space to modulate rivalry – The grouping provides India and China the opportunity to decouple their strategic contest from the other dimensions of the relationship. During the Doklam standoff of 2017 and the recent Ladakh standoff, both China and India remained engaged through BRICS throughout the entirety of the crisis. Providing a Transcontinental reach – With the presence of Brazil and South Africa in the group, it provides is a low-cost way for India to signal its aspirations as a global power. India remains engaged with the other BRICS countries on its NSG membership. Boosting India’s demand for institutional reforms – BRICS’ repeated calls for reform of multilateral institutions, boosts India’s own assertions in this direction, acting as a multiplier to the country’s own demands for reform. Contribution in creating an Inclusive international financial architecture – India was the main BRICS country behind the establishment of the NDB and has remained the largest beneficiary of NDB loans so far. NDB intends to provide non-conditional financing, unlike the WB and IMF and attempts to rectify the North-South divide to make it more inclusive The NDB will help India to raise and avail resources for their infrastructure and sustainable development projects. Trade dependency – 34% of India’s total imports are from the other four BRICS nations. Challenges faced by BRICS Heterogeneity – The grouping brings together a mix of democratic and authoritarian regimes, with very different societal structures, developmental trajectories, and historical traditions, posing a threat to the viability of the grouping. Internal Conflicts – Group has seen conflicts such as China’s aggression in eastern Ladakh last year which brought India-China relations to their lowest point in several decades. The current pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing differences amongst the BRICS. Aggressive China – Suspicions among members about Chinese regional and global ambition may impact group’s functioning in future. China’s Belt and Road Initiative; adventurism in the neighbouring seas and the passage of a new security law in Hong Kong have created suspicions. China’s image at global level has also been tarnished due to the Covid-19. In this backdrop, it is questionable whether BRICS matter or not. Changing World Order – the growing US-China rivalry, the already complex dynamics between India and China, India’s balancing act with the US, the growing Russia-China linkages, Russia-US tensions — raise the prospects of an ‘internal split.’ Lack of capital – BRICS do not have the funds to outcompete the Bretton Wood Institutions, the World Bank and IMF. Low Intra-country trade – Despite the opportunities and the potential, intra-BRICS trade and investment flows are very low. China Centric – All the countries in the BRICS group trade with China more than each other, therefore
Henry Fayol
Henry Fayol is considered as the founder of the ‘Management Process School’. His book ‘General & Industrial Management’(Administration industrielle et générale) offers a theory and principles of management. Administrative Theory Fayol had 2 major views: Science of management should replace the rule of thumb. Universality of Administrative Theory. He classified the totality of Industrial undertaking into 6 functional groups as shown in (fig He believed that except management all the 5 groups are sectional in nature whose functions can be performed in isolation. He identified 5 elements of management which are shown in (fig 2). Planning (Prevoyance)-To anticipate and outlining the path through which the goals can be achieved. Organization- Systematic way of material organization and human organization . Commanding(Directing)-Administration should be able to direct the man power. It should be clear of the responsibilities of the subordinates and authorities it enjoys. Coordination- Bringing harmony among various units and individual functionaries. Control- Ensuring the performance of the workers are within the limits of norms and regulations of organization through techniques of reward and punishment. Principles of Administration He states that principles of administration are not rigid. On the contrary, they must be capable of adaptation to various enterprises and settings. He dealt with the functional and structural aspects of an organization through his 14 principles Division of Work : Specialization of labor produces more and better work with the same effort. But he cautioned that the division of work should be optimum otherwise it may lead to overlapping and confusion. Authority & Responsibility:Authority is the right to extract obedience from subordinates.The authority of individual should commensurate with responsibility Discipline: Obedience should be observed in accordance with the standing agreements between the firm and its employees. Unity of Command:It means one subordinate should be accountable to only one super ordinate. This idea is contradictory to Taylor’s ‘Functional foremanship’ where one worker was working under 8 functional foremen. However, Taylor’s foremanship was defended on the idea that one worker had to do one specific job, thus each worker worked under a forman. Unity of direction: One head and one plan for each activity. Subordination of individual interest to general interest: The interest of one employee or group of employees should not prevail over that of the total organization. Remuneration of personnel: The payment should be fair and just and afford satisfaction of both personnel and the firm. Centralisation: The power was concentrated at the hands of higher functionaries. The degree of initiative left to managers varies depending upon top managers, subordinates and business conditions. For instance, if the employer trusts the employee then the employer may decentralize the authority to the employee. Scalar chain (Hierarchy): Hierarchy is a vertical perspective. When all the layers or hierarchies or positions are taken together from top to bottom, then it is referred as the Scalar Chain. Each layer is bind to another layer through a relation called line of control or chain of command. He believed that the line of authority should not be broken, as it enables to maintain authority and discipline the organization. But Fayol came up with an exception called Gangplank, which is a jumping technique in which the concerned official establishes a relation with the immediate superior and they interact directly and solve the problem. 10.Order(Placement): Once the basic job structure has been devised, it is the placing of the right man at the right place. 11.Equity: For the personnel to be encouraged to fulfill their duties with devotion and loyalty there must be equity based on kindness and justice in employer-employee relations i.e, equity in terms of distribution of responsibility and reward. 12.Stability of tenure: Tenure is critical to the growth of organization as it should not be short that the position of an individual is undermined. On the other hand, it should not be long that complacency creeps in. Suitable conditions are to be created to minimize turnover of employees. 13.Initiative: The ability to think afresh would act as a powerful motivator of human behavior. 14.Esprit de Corps: Harmony, union among the personnel of an organization is a source of great strength in the organization. UPSC Full Optional Subjects List Need for Administrative Training Fayol is the pioneer in suggesting the need for systematic training in administration. Need for training is everywhere greater in accordance with the position occupied. He suggests training is a continuous process and considers an officer in an organization as a teacher to his immediate subordinate. Criticism Peter Drucker: Criticized Fayol for imposing a mechanistic model of an ‘ideal or universal’ organization on a living business. Anything more complex, more dynamic or entrepreneurial than a typical mining firm demands performance capacities which functional principles do not possess as the empirical base used by Fayol for generating full-fledged theory is too narrow. He proceeded to theorize functionalism only on the basis of functions undertaken in a manufacturing company. Gullick & Urwick: Application of the Unity of command principle would overwhelm the chief executive with problems of coordination. According to Fayol’s principle, conflict can be resolved through the chief executive but for a larger organization, difficulty in communication and coordination would lead to chaos and disharmony. Simon & Chester Barnard: Managerial organization cannot be explained purely in terms of set of principles. They suggest that actual behavior of organizational participants departs in many ways from behavior that is planned. Many thinkers criticized Fayol for overlapping principles Equity and Remuneration are almost the same. Scalar chain encompassed both Unity of Command and Authority & Responsibility. Subordination of individual interest to general interest was quite similar to Centralization. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
Administrative Problems Involved in Decision-making
Read Process and Techniques of Decision Making Administrative Problems Involved in Decision-making Some common administrative problems faced in making decisions and implementing them are as follows Incomplete information regarding the issue and situation Unsupporting Environment both physical and psychological environment prevents the efficacy of the decision making process Non acceptance by the sub-ordinate Ineffective communication Incorrect timing Communication Communication is the most vital ingredient in an administrative organization according to Chester Barnard. In fact, an organization cannot be conceived of without communications. Pfiffner considers the communication as “the heart of management”, while Millet describes it as the “blood stream of an administrative organization” It is an antidote to entropy. Importance Of Communication In Administration It is no exaggeration to say that the communication function is the means by which organized activity like government administration is unified. Indeed, group activity is impossible without communication, because coordination and change cannot be effected Over the years, the importance of communication in organized effort has been recognised by many authors. Chester I. Barnard, for example, viewed communication as the means by which people are linked together in an organization to achieve a common purpose. According to Herbert A. Simon, ‘‘Not only is communication absolutely essential to organization, but the availability of particular techniques of communication will in large part determine the way in which decision-making functions can and should be distributed throughout the organization.’’ Peter Drucker has rightly said “Good Communication is the foundation stone for sound administration.”.He defined communication as “the ability of the various functional groups within the enterprise to understand each other and each other’s functions and concerns’’. Communication Process Communication in organization is a two-way process. Moreover, it is a process that takes place upward, downward and laterally throughout the organisation. The communication process as shown in the following figure, involves the sender, the transmis-sion of a message through the selected channel and the receiver. Types of communication Verbal or Written Communication In the case of verbal communication, everything is oral and there is nothing in black and white. The examples of verbal communication are orders and face-to-face discussions, telephonic talks, conferences, interviews, public speeches, whistle and bells,grapevine, etc. Some of the merit of this form of communication are It is a time and money saving device It is comparatively more effective, because there is the instinct of personal touch in verbal communication There is easy understandability in the case of verbal communication. Even if doubts creep in the minds of any party, they can immediately be removed It is also more convenient to measure the effect of communication. Written communication is always in black and white. Examples of written communications are newspapers, bulletins, letters and memos,reports and forms, manuals and handbooks,posters, payroll inserts, annual reports, written grievances, etc. Written communication is the only way out if both the communicator and the recipient are far off, even beyond telephonic range. If the message to be conveyed is lengthy and needs a thorough clarification, written communication would be more suitable, because there will then be lesser chances to miss anypoint. Written communications provide a permanent record and can at times be referred to as evidence. This is why policy statements are usually issued in the form of printed documents. However, in case of written communication everything is to be translated into black and white, which is likely to consume more time and money. It is not always possible to reduce everything to writing and there are chances of leakage in the case of written communication. Delays and red tapism are some of the other drawbacks of written communication. Read Also Henry Fayol – Administrative Theory Formal and Informal (Grapevine) Communications Formal Communications are those that are ‘official’, that are a part of the recognised communication system which is involved in the operation of the organization. These communications may be verbal or written. A formal communication can be from a superior to subordinate, from a subordinate to a superior, intra-administrative or external. A formal communication may be mandatory, indicative or explanatory. In addition to the formal channels of communication described above, there are informal channels of communication. Informal communication is technically known as the grapevine. It takes place in informal and inter-personal contacts among employees. Informal communication transcends the barriers and boundaries of the formal channels. It is multiple in nature, the same person having social relationships with several other persons in the organization. It exists outside the official network but continually interacts with the formal communication. A grapevine is structureless and information passes through it in all directions. Downward, Upward and Crosswise (Horizontal) Communications Downward Communication: Katz and Kahn have identified five general purposes of superior-subordinate communication in an organization : To give specific task directives about job instructions; To give information about organizational procedures and practices; To provide information about the rationale of the job; To tell subordinates about their performance; To provide ideological information to facilitate the indoctrination of goals. Upward Communication: Unfortunately, this flow is often hindered by administrators in the communication chain who filter the messages and do not transmit all the information—especially unfavorable news—to their bosses. Crosswise Communication: A communications scholar has summarized four of the most important purposes of crosswise (interactive) communication Task coordination Problem solving Information sharing Conflict resolution Morale Morale is used to describe the capacity of the people to maintain belief in an institution or goal or even in oneself. According to Alexander H Leighton “morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of common purpose” The high morale is characterised by a state of enthusiasm, confidence and spiritedness and the low morale is characterised by lack of interest, diffidence and weakness. Generally it is believed that high morale will lead to high productivity. However,Prof Keith Davis points out that there is not always a positive correlation between the two. There can be high production with low morale. Research carried out by Renis Likertindicated the fact that there can be different combinations of morale
Group of 20 (G-20)
Group of 20 (G-20) Why in NEWS? For the first time, India will host the annual G-20 Summit in 2022 since its origin in 1999. G20 is an international forum for the Governments and Central Bank Governors from 19 countries and the European Union. It was formed in 1999 to discuss policies relating to financial stability. It brings important industrialized and developing countries to discuss important issues in the global economy. Evolution of G20 After the Asian Financial crisis of 1997-99, the G7 finance ministers agreed to establish the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting in 1999. It was created in response to both to the financial crises that arose in a number of emerging economies in the 1990s and to a growing recognition that some of these countries were not adequately represented in global economic discussion and governance. Its agenda was expanded since 2008 (amid 2008 Financial crisis) to Heads of governments / Heads of states as well as foreign ministers, along with Finance Minister Read Full GS Notes Objectives of G20 policy coordination between its members in order to achieve global economic stability, sustainable growth. to promote financial regulations that reduce risks and prevent future financial crises. to create a new international financial architecture. Features of G20 Members of the G20 are – Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union. G20 members account for more than 80% of world GDP, 75% of global trade and 60% of the population. G20 has two working tracks: Finance Track: The primary focus is on global economic and financial issues such as monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies, infrastructure investment, financial regulation, financial inclusion and international taxation. Sherpa Track: The focus is on broader issues such as political engagement, anti-corruption, development, trade, gender equality, energy and climate change. G20 does not have a permanent secretariat or staffs – its agenda and activities are established by the rotating Presidencies, in cooperation with the membership. A “Troika“, represented by the country that holds the Presidency, its predecessor and its successor, works to ensure continuity within the G20 Its membership features both developed and emerging markets from all continents, making it big enough to be globally representative and the world’s most impactful global forum. Importance of G20 Influence on the policies of the countries around the world – G20 allows the leaders of the world’s major economies to work together to lift growth in mutually-supportive ways and align their domestic policies to the decisions taken by the grouping. Support to Developing countries – G20 works with developing countries, particularly low-income countries to support them in implementing their nationally driven policies and priorities which are needed to fulfil international goals. Inclusive Global Growth – G20 plays a critical role in creating an enabling environment for inclusive global growth and development. Its work on ensuring financial stability, promoting growth and avoiding and managing crises is critical in supporting the opportunities. Addresses Diverse issues – It addresses several issues include the advancement of women in the job market, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, climate change, global health, anti-terrorism and inclusive entrepreneurship, among others. Helps in reshaping the governance of global finance, as done by developing strict rules on the “too big to fail” problem, increasing the lending capacity of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and collecting richer information on the shadow banking system. Helps in strategic balancing among countries – G20 provides a platform for countries to conduct various bilateral and plurilateral meetings such as JAI (Japan-America-India), RIC (Russia-India-China) which tries to address conflicting interests of various groupings on one platform. India has been a founding member of G20 process and has played an active role in proposing new ideas and finding solutions. Read Full GS Notes India & G20 India’s participation in the G20 process stems from the realization that as a major developing economy India has a vital stake in the stability of the international economic and financial system. India has been actively involved in the G20 preparatory process both at the Sherpas Track and the Financial Track since its inception India’s agenda at the G20 Summits is driven by the need to bring in greater inclusivity in the financial system, to avoiding protectionist tendencies and above all for ensuring that growth prospects of developing countries do not suffer. India has strived to ensure that the focus of the global community remains on the need to ensure adequate flow of finances to emerging economies to meet their developmental needs. Taxing global digital companies – India has made a strong case for adoption of “significant economic presence” concept for taxing global digital companies. India had introduced this concept in the Income Tax Act for taxation of non-residents in India or global digital companies. India remains committed to the G20 process for achieving a stable, inclusive and representative global economic and financial system. Challenges in G20 No Enforcement mechanism – The G20’s toolkit ranges from simple exchanges of information and best practices to agreeing common, measurable targets, to coordinated action. None of this is achieved without consensus, nor is it enforceable, except for the incentive of peer review and public accountability. Not legally binding – the decisions are based on discussions and consensus which culminates in the form of declarations. These declarations are not legally binding. It’s just an advisory or consultative group of 20 members. The exclusivity of its membership has attracted criticism. The group represents a massive share of global economy and its decisions can impact non-member countries. Critics also point at disproportionate representation of African countries. Not all resolutions passed at the G20 Summit are fully implemented as only 10% of world countries are included in G20 decision-making, thereby denting the organization’s authority. G20 authority is also weakened since some major members sometimes fail to fulfil their commitments (e.g., the delay of the IMF reform due to resistance from the U.S. Congress). Boycotting Osaka Track – India, South Africa, and Indonesia have boycotted the “Osaka Track” on the “digital economy”, as
SAARC
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. SAARC was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka in 1985 Its secretariat is in Kathmandu, Nepal. Objective of SAARC – To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life, and to accelerate economic growth, territorial integrity, mutual trust and benefit etc. Members: Afghanistan (joined in 2005), Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. SAARC, as an organisation, reflects the South Asian identity of the countries, historically and contemporarily. It is a naturally made geographical identity. Equally, there is a cultural, linguistic, religious, and culinary affinity that defines South Asia. Significance of SAARC – General SAARC is the world’s most densely populated region and one of the most fertile areas. It comprises 3% of the world’s area, 21% of the world’s population and 3.8% of the global economy. SAARC countries have the common tradition, dress, food and culture, and political aspects thereby synergizing their actions. The SAARC nations have common problems and solutions such as poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, natural disasters, internal conflicts, industrial and technological backwardness, low GDP, and poor socio-economic condition. These nations can uplift their living standards by creating common areas of development. Importance of SAARC for India Regional stability – Nations of SAARC can help in the creation of mutual trust and peace within the region thus promoting stability. Game-changer for India’s Act East Policy – linking South Asian economies with Southeast Asian will further boost economic integration and prosperity to India mainly in the Services Sector. Geo-strategic significance – SAARC can engage Nepal, Bhutan, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka in economic cooperation and development process to counter China (OBOR initiative). Neighbourhood first policy – SAARC gives primacy to the country’s immediate neighbours. Global leadership role – It offers India a platform to showcase its leadership in the region by taking up extra responsibilities. However, at present, SAARC appears to be a defunct body even after 36 years of its formation. India’s problems with Pakistan on terrorism, territorial claims, and its role in blocking SAARC initiatives on connectivity and trade are the main reasons behind this dismal situation. Existing Scenario of SAARC The last SAARC summit was held in 2014 and subsequent summits could not be held after 2016 Summit scheduled in Pakistan got cancelled in the backdrop of terrorist attacks in Pathankot and Uri. In 2016, India along with Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, and Sri Lanka declined from participating in the Islamabad SAARC summit. In the regional outreach of BRICS summit of 2016, rather than SAARC, BIMSTEC leaders were invited giving message that BIMSTEC (of which Pakistan is not a member), has come to be flaunted as an alternative to SAARC In SAARC Ministers Meeting 2019, both countries’ ministers boycotted each other’s speeches The South Asian region is beset with unsettled territorial disputes, as well as trans-border criminal and subversive activities and cross-border terrorism. The region also remains a theatre for ethnic, cultural, and religious tensions and rivalries besides a current rise in ultra-nationalism. Failures & Challenges within SAARC Poor Economic integration – As per world Bank report, with intra-regional trade at less than 5% of total trade, South Asia is the least integrated region in the world, dwarfed by East Asia’s 35% and Europe’s 60%. Independent India’s choice of closed Economic Model led to a steady deterioration of commercial connectivity with the neighbours. Intra-regional investment is <1% of the region’s overall global investment. South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) that came into force in 2006 is often highlighted as a prominent outcome of SAARC, but given the presence of sensitive lists, it is yet to be implemented in spirit. Internal Tussles – Pakistan’s non-cooperation has stalled some major initiatives under SAARC. For example: SAARC-Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) and SAARC satellite project were replaced with BBIN-MVA and South Asia satellite respectively (without Pakistan). Taliban takeover of Afghanistan also pose a concern over its cooperation within SAARC. Asymmetry between India and other member countries – They perceive India as “Big Brother” and have been reluctant to implement various agreements under SAARC fearing Indian domination. Unstable Financial Positions – SAARC members are financially and economically not very much developed, which creates an uncertain future for this organization. SAARC faces shortage of resources, but countries have been reluctant to increase their contribution. Exclusion of Contentious Issues from SAARC Charter – The charter of SAARC itself has some self-imposed anomalies as its charter has the provision of not discussing the contentious and bilateral disputes. On the one hand, it asks for increased cooperation and exchanges and on the other hand, avoids negotiations on bilateral disputes. Lack of Strong Infrastructure – South Asian countries share some common features like cheap labour, low incomes, low value-added commodities and comparative advantage in the same commodities as tea, garments etc. The intraregional trade cannot be successful in such conditions where the trade and economic structure and industrial infrastructure is similar To face such challenges, the South Asian countries must cooperate in a better manner. The European and ASEAN experience is testimony to the contribution of regional cooperation in the economic growth of the countries. If India aspires to become a global power, it must keep its neighbourhood peaceful, prosperous, and supportive. In this context, reviving SAARC becomes very important. Need for Revival of SAARC Regional Disconnect – makes it easier for member countries and international agencies, to deal with South Asia as a fragmented group rather than a collective one. This disconnect is a challenge to India’s economic and security interests. Impact of Covid-19 – The impact of Covid-19, is a growing distaste for ‘globalisation’ and growing preference for nativism, self-dependence, and localising supply chains. Reviving SAARC is crucial to countering the common challenges brought about by the pandemic. Dealing with China – China is sending medicines, personal protective equipment kits, and promising vaccines to most SAARC countries as part of its. “Health Silk Road” initiative Therefore, in dealing with China’s challenge, both at India’s borders and in its neighbourhood, a unified South Asian platform remains India’s most potent countermeasure. BIMSTEC cannot replace SAARC for reasons such as lack of a common identity and history among all BIMSTEC
Group of 7 (G-7)
Group of 7 (G-7) Why in NEWS? India was invited as a Guest nation to the 47th G-7 Summit held in June 2021 at Cornwall, UK. Since 2014, this is the second time the Prime Minister will be participating in a G7 meeting. During Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s tenure, India attended the G8 Summit five times. The Objective of the 47th G7 Summit was to unite leading democracies to help the world build back better from the coronavirus and create a greener, more prosperous future. The Group of Seven (G-7) is an informal bloc of industrialized democracies – France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and Canada – that meets annually to discuss issues of common interest like global economic governance, international security, and energy policy. History France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States formed the Group of Six in 1975 to provide a venue for the industrialized democracies to address pressing economic concerns, in the wake of 1973 Oil Crisis. Later, Canada was also invited to join and the first meeting with all G-7 nations was held in 1976. The G-7 was known as the G-8 for several years after the original seven were joined by Russia in 1997. The group returned to being called G-7 after Russia was expelled as a member in 2014 following the annexation of the Crimea region of Ukraine. There are no formal criteria for membership, but participants are all highly developed democracies. The aggregate GDP of G-7 member states make up nearly 50% of the global economy and 10% of the world’s population.The requirements to be a member of the G7 are a high net national wealth and a high HDI (Human Development Index). Significance of G-7 G-7 is considered to be the 2nd most important grouping after UNSC which can effectively deal with global issues The major purpose of the G-7 is to discuss and sometimes act to help resolve global problems, with a special focus on economic issues. It became more relevant in the 1980s when it started discussing issues related to foreign policy and security as well. In response to mounting concern over money laundering, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was established by the G-7 group in Paris in 1989. In recent years, G7 leaders have met to formulate common responses to challenges encompassing counterterrorism, development, education, health, human rights, and climate change. Launched a coordinated response in 2002 to fight the threat of AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria This led to the formation of the Global Fund, an innovative financing mechanism that has disbursed more than $45 billion in aid. Tackling Climate Change – In 2015, members launched the Global Apollo Program, designed to tackle climate change through clean energy research and development. The programme calls for developed nations to commit to spending 0.02% of their GDP on tackling climate change from 2015 to 2025. This would mean spending $150 billion over a 10-year period. India is an important partner for the G-7, as it is a strong promoter of democracy and have significant regional influence. Significance of India – G-7 Relationship India’s presence at G7 is an acknowledgement of the changing world order and India’s growing importance as a major economic power. This year’s invitation is a continuation of India’s long-term desire of becoming part of global high table of diplomacy. India is a natural ally for the G7 countries in defending the shared values from a host of threats stemming from authoritarianism, terrorism and violent extremism, disinformation, and economic coercion. Countering China – B3W initiative launched to support infrastructure investment in low- and middle-income countries is a counter to China’s belt and road initiative which is accused by western countries of promoting predatory financing. Vaccine Diplomacy – Commitment to provide over 1 billion covid vaccine without any strings attached come as a breather to countries like India who are emerging from deadly second wave of covid and grappling with shortage of vaccines. New Atlantic charter deals with challenges like climate change, biodiversity, rise of authoritarianism in which India is a key stakeholder and thus can hold the promise of heralding a new chapter in India’s relationship with the West. However, G-7 organization has been criticized for being a closed group and not reflecting the current state of global politics or economics. Has G-7 lost Power? – Criticisms Outdated Group – The group is criticized as no longer reflecting the modern-day geopolitical realities. Many incumbent members like Italy and Canada possess less economic and political power in comparison to non-members like India and China. Shift of Power – G-20 Summit superseded G-7 as the world’s most important meeting of all global leaders. It signalled the end of the old-world order and the beginning of a new one. Disregards the interest of smaller nations – Several countries and individuals still perceive the G7 as an exclusive, closed group that blatantly exercises its power over other nations. The collective power of the group is so huge that it creates a disproportionate impact on other nations. Failed in tackling Global problems – G7 accounts for 59% of historical CO2 emissions and pledged to phase out fossil fuels. Yet there is no visible progress of the same, and they currently account for twice the CO2 emission than African continent. G7 nations failed in addressing the West Asian migrant crisis, leading to deaths and inhumane statelessness for millions. Non-Binding nature: Unlike other bodies such as NATO, the G7 has no legal existence or a permanent secretariat. Further, the meeting commitments are non-binding in nature. Shortcomings of Washington Consensus – The grouping has mainly focused on realising the Washington consensus. It is a collective term used for 10 economic policy prescriptions to promote a free-market economy. The East Asian crisis in the late 1990s and the global recession of 2008–09 indicated that increased deregulation would only result in financial instability. Internal Tussles – There are a number of disagreements in the Group of 7 internally, e.g. clash of the USA with other members over taxes on imports and action on climate change. Way Forward Need to reflect current geopolitical reality
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 10 – GS Paper 1
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 10 – GS Paper 1 Check All Prelims Mock Questions 1. Consider the following statements:1. Cabinet ministers can only be included as the members of Cabinet Committee.2. Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary affairs is headed by the Home Minister.Which of the above statements is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 20th 2. Establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralisation’ was first recommended by:(a) Ashok Mehta committee(b) G V K Rao committee(c) Balwant Rai Mehta committee(d) L M Singhvi committee 3. Which of the following could be the source of Antimicrobial resistance?1. Pharmaceutical industry effluents2. The rising number of dogs3. Discharge of untreated urban waste.4. The misuse of antibiotics in poultry, livestock and fish.Select the correct answer using the codes given below:(a) 1, 2 and 3 only(b) 1, 3 and 4 only(c) 3 and 4 only(d) All of the above 4. As per the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Bill, 2019 the Chairperson of National Human Rights Commission can be:(a) Retired Chief Justice of India(b) Retired Judge of Supreme Court(c) Retired Chief Justice of High Court(d) Both a and b 5. Consider the following statements with regard to Parliamentary Committee:1. Parliamentary Committee is appointed/elected by the speaker/chairman2. Works under the guidance of speaker/chairman3. Submits its reports to house or speaker/chairmanChoose the correct answer using the code given below:(a) 1 only(b) 1 and 2 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) 1,2 and 3 6. Which of the following are the provisions contained in the constitution which enable the Centre to exercise control over the states in India?1. It is the duty of the Central government to protect every state against external aggression and internal disturbances2. The state election commissioner, though appointed by the governor of the state,can be removed by the President only Choose the correct statements using the codes given below(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 7. Consider the following statements regarding the Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE):1. The BEE is a statutory body under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.2. BEE coordinates with designated consumers, designated agencies, and other organizations to identify and utilize the existing resources and infrastructure, in performing the functions assigned to it under the Energy Conservation Act.Which of the above statements is/are true?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 8. Consider the following statements regarding Panchayati Raj in India:1. Andhra Pradesh was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj in India2. Even though most of the states established Panchayati Raj in the early days itself, they varied highly from state to stateChoose the correct statements using the codes given below(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 9. Which of the following statement is not correct about Public Account Committee?(a) Public Account Committee is made as per the provision of Government of India Act, 1919(b) This Committee consists of members from both the house of the Parliament(c) Term of the members of the Committee is 5 year(d) A minister cannot be member of the Committee 10. In the context of Elections in India, the term “special voters” defined by the Election Commission of India include:1. Members of Central Para Military Forces.2. Booth level agent.3. Non-resident Indians.4. President of India.Select the correct answer using the code given below:(a) 1,3 and 4 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 4 only(d) 4 only 11. With reference to the Committee on Public Undertakings, consider the following statements:1. Only a Lok Sabha member can become its chairman.2. Unlike other Parliamentary committees, a minister can also become its member.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 12. Which of the following schemes/programs could help in reducing the process of desertification?1. Compensatory Afforestation2. Integrated Watershed Development Project3. Pradhanmantri Krishi Sinchayi YojanaSoil Health Management Scheme Select the correct answer using the codes given below:(a) 2 and 3(b) 2, 3 and 4(c) 1, 2 and 3(d) All of the above 13. Which among the following is not a Standing Committee?(a) Public Accounts Committee(b) Ethics Committee(c) Railway Convention Committee(d) Business Advisory Committee 14. Which of the following statements accurately describes the objective of the DigiYatra Scheme?(a) It enables hassle free Visa-on-arrival for tourists from 17 selected countries.(b) It helps in developing human-free toll plazas with fastag enabled vehicles(c) It enables seamless and hassle free passenger travel using biometric technologies to improve passenger experience.(d) It enables for smart card based unified driving license for better traffic regulations 15. Consider the following statements regarding Concurrent list:1. In case of a conflict between parliamentary law and state law in a concurrent subject, the matter should be taken to court and judiciary will have the final say.2. If the state law is passed with the President’s assent, it will prevail over Parliamentary law.Choose the correct statements using the code given below:(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 16. Consider the following statements about Estimates Committee:1. The first Estimates in free india was constituted in 19502. It consists of members only from Lok Sabha .3. Chairman of the Estimates Committee is always from the ruling party.Which of the following statements is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 1 and 2 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) 1,2 and 3 17. Under the CAG’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971 the audit of corporations established by law by the legislatures of State is entrusted to the CAG upon the request of:(a) Chief Minister of the State(b) Governor of the State(c) Chief Secretary of the State(d) President of India 18. Article 293 of the Constitution is related to:(a) States require consent from the Centre government to raise open market borrowings.(b) Safeguards for All India civil servants from arbitrary removal of position.(c) Constitution of GST Council.(d) Terms of Reference given to the Finance Commission by the President of India. 19. Consider the following statements about the Association of World Election
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 11 – GS Paper 2
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 11 – GS Paper 2 Check All Prelims Mock Questions 1. Directions for the following 8 (eight) items: Read the following eight passages and answer the items that follow the passages. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.Passage – 1What climate change will undeniably do is cause or amplify events that hasten the reduction of resources. Competition over these diminishing resources would ensue in the form of political or even violent conflict. Resource-based conflicts have rarely been overt and are thus difficult to isolate. Instead they take on veneers that appear more politically palatable. Conflicts over resources like water are often cloaked in the guise of identity or ideology. 1. What does the above passage imply?(a) Resource-based conflicts are always politically motivated.(b) There are no political solutions to resolve environmental and resource-based conflicts.(c) Environmental issues contribute to resource stresses and political conflict.(d) Political conflict based on identity or ideology cannot be resolved. Passage – 2The man who is perpetually hesitating which of the two things he will do first, will do neither. The man who resolves, but suffers his resolution to be changed by the first counter-suggestion of a friend— who fluctuates from opinion to opinion and veers from plan to plan— can never accomplish anything. He willat best be stationary and probably retrograde in all. It is only the man who first consults wisely, then resolves firmly and then executes his purpose with inflexible perseverance, undismayed by those petty difficulties which daunt a weaker spirit—that can advance to eminence in any line. 2. The keynote that seems to be emerging from the passage is that(a) we should first consult wisely and then resolve firmly(b) we should reject suggestions of friends and remain unchanged(c) we should always remain broad-minded(d) we should be resolute andachievement-oriented Passage – 3During the summer in the Arctic Ocean, sea ice has been melting earlier and faster, and the winter freeze has been coming later. In the last three decades, the extent of summer ice has declined by about 30 percent. The lengthening period of summer melt threatens to undermine the whole Arctic food web, atop which stand polar bears. 3. Which among the following is the most crucial message conveyed by the above passage?(a) Climate change has caused Arctic summer to be short but temperature to be high.(b) Polar bears can be shifted to South Pole to ensure their survival.(c) Without the presence of polar bears, the food chains in Arctic region will disappear.(d) Climate change poses a threat to the survival of polar bears. Passage – 4Why do people prefer open defecation and not want toilets or, if they have them, only use them sometimes? Recent research has shown two critical elements : ideas of purity and pollution, and not wanting pits or septic tanks to fill because they have to be emptied. These are the issues that nobody wants to talk about, but if we want to eradicate the practice of open defecation, they have to be confronted and dealt properly. 4. Which among the following is the most crucial message conveyed by the above passage?(a) The ideas of purity and pollution are so deep-rooted that they cannot be removed from the minds of the people.(b) People have to perceive toilet use and pit-emptying as clean and not polluting.(c) People cannot change their old habits.(d) People have neither civic sense nor sense of privacy. Passage – 5In the last two decades, the world’s gross domestic product (GDP) has increased by 50 percent, whereas inclusive wealth has increased by a mere 6 per cent. In recent decades, GDP-driven economic performance has only harmed inclusive wealth like human capital; and natural capital like forests, land and water. While the world’s human capital which stands at 57 per cent of total inclusive wealth grew by only 8 percent, the natural capital which is 23 percent of total inclusive wealth declined by 30 per cent worldwide in the last two decades. 5. Which of the following is the most crucial inference from the above passage?(a) More emphasis should be laid on the development of natural capital.(b) The growth driven by GDP only is neither desirable nor sustainable.(c) The economic performance of the countries of the world is not satisfactory.(d) The world needs more human capital under the present circumstances. Passage – 6By 2020, when the global economy is expected to run short of 56 million young people, India, with its youth surplus of 47 million, could fill the gap. It is in this context that labour reforms are often cited as the way to unlock double-digit growth in India. In 2014, India’s labour force was estimated to be about 40 percent of the population, but 93 percent of this force was in unorganized sector. Over the last decade, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of employment has slowed to 0.5 per cent, with about 14 million jobs created during last year when the labour force increased by about 15 million. 6. Which of the following is the most rational inference from the above passage?(a) India must control its population growth so as to reduce its unemployment rate.(b) Labour reforms are required in India to make optimum use of its vast labour force productively.(c) India is poised to achieve the double-digit growth very soon.(d) India is capable of supplying the skilled young people to other countries. Passage – 7The very first lesson that should be taught to us when we are old enough to understand it, is that complete freedom from the obligation to work is unnatural, and ought to be illegal, as we can escape our share of the burden of work only by throwing it on someone else’s shoulders. Nature ordains that the human race shall perish of famine if it stops working. We cannot escape from this tyranny. The question we have to settle is how much leisure we can afford to allowourselves. 7. The main idea of the passage is that(a) it is essential for human beings to work(b) there should be a balance between work and leisure(c) working
UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice Test 10 GS 1 & 2
UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice Test 10 GS 1 & 2 UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice Test 10 GS 1 & 2 Check All Mains Questions 1. Name any two legal initiatives taken for the protection of girl children. Analyze how far they have succeeded in their stated objectives. (10 Marks) 2. Examine how Indian secularism is distinctive from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (10 Marks) 3. Discuss the impact of globalisation in the life of older people and in geriatric care of India. (10 Marks) 4. Though the caste system in India has undergone considerable changes over the years, it still persists in its worst form. Identify how the caste system is still playing a major role in determining social functions? (10 Marks) 5. “Me too” movement though reflective of new-age women movement standing up for themselves, is non-inclusive and has only limited reach. Critically analyze. (10 Marks) 6. Identify and analyze the social factors that perpetuate poverty in India. (10 Marks) 7. “Many schemes fail to bring results because they are not reflective of the ground social realities”.Critically analyze with examples. (10 Marks) 8. “Despite numerous initiatives over years abhorrent practises like untouchability and manual scavenging still exists in many places in India.” Comment. (10 Marks) 9. “Gender inequality that perpetuates social discriminations and lowers economic growth is itself a result of various social, economic and political factors.”Analyze. (15 Marks) 10. Indian urbanization is not only a result of economic changes and development but a combination of economic, social and political features woven into the very fabric of India. Analyse. (15 Marks) 11. Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss. (15 Marks) 12. What are the major provisions and powers of the National Commission for Backward Classes? How far a constitutional body can ensure the rights of the individual? Substantiate quoting the past experiences of India. (15 Marks) 13. Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain mere show pieces until and unless they are backed by political will’. Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty alleviation programmes in India. (15 Marks 14. “Self Help Groups (SHG) have succeeded in delivering financial inclusion, but for them to evolve as business enterprise requires a different approach.” In light of this statement, examine their role in rural development and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote them. (15 Marks) 15. The education system has a direct bearing on the quality of our human resources. In light of the statement analyse how the newly proposed National Policy on Education try to solve the issue of quality in the education system of India? (15 Marks) Answers 1. Name any two legal initiatives taken for the protection of girl children. Analyze how far they have succeeded in their stated objectives. (10 Marks) Answer: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs data shows that India is one of only two countries along with China where female infant mortality is higher than male infant mortality. The extent of deprivation girl child faces in her life is clearly visible from this. The legal initiatives taken for the protection of girl children in India are ●Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act: It attempts to effectively address the heinous crimes of sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children through less ambiguous and more stringent legal provisions.● It incorporates child friendly procedures for reporting, recording of evidence, investigation and trial of offences. ● The Act recognizes that the intent to commit an offence needs to be penalized. ● Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986: It designates a child as a person who has not completed their 14th year of age. ● It aims to regulate the hours and the working conditions of child workers and to prohibit child workers from being employed in hazardous industries. Other major legal initiatives include the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 which was enacted to stop female feticides and arrest the declining sex ratio in India. Analysis of the legal initiatives: ●Government has set up Special Courts under Section 28 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act for each district for the timely disposal of the cases.National and State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights has been mandated for better monitoring of the implementation of POCSO Act ●But the closure rate of POCSO cases was just 31% across States and Union Territories. ●With the enactment of the Child Labour Act,1986 the number of child workers between the ages of five and 14 in India reduced drastically in India. The number came down from 12 million to about 4.3 million by 2011 Census. ●The amendment to the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 however slashed the list of hazardous occupations for children from 83 to include just mining, explosives, and occupations mentioned in the Factory Act. ●In effect it legalised the child labour in so many industries which can be detrimental.Suitable amendments are required to reduce the deprivations faced by girl children in India. Laws have to consider the gender inequality, patriarchal mindset of the society and a biased favour to the male child etc. in the society to address the grievances of girl children. 2.Examine how Indian secularism is distinctive from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (10 Marks) Answer: A secular nation,means there is no discrimination between various religious denominations and state does not endorse any. For example Pakistan has Islam as it’s official religion,while Indian constitution declares itself to be a secular nation. Characteristics of secularism ●State should be non-theocratic:- A state must not be run by the heads of any particular religion. A state governed directly by a priestly order is called theocratic. For example- Papal States of Europe in Medieval period ●States should have no formal, legal alliance with any religion:- Many non-theocratic states have close alliance with a particular religion. ●A secular state must be committed to principles and goals which are at least partly derived from non- religious
