SAARC
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. SAARC was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka in 1985 Its secretariat is in Kathmandu, Nepal. Objective of SAARC – To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life, and to accelerate economic growth, territorial integrity, mutual trust and benefit etc. Members: Afghanistan (joined in 2005), Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. SAARC, as an organisation, reflects the South Asian identity of the countries, historically and contemporarily. It is a naturally made geographical identity. Equally, there is a cultural, linguistic, religious, and culinary affinity that defines South Asia. Significance of SAARC – General SAARC is the world’s most densely populated region and one of the most fertile areas. It comprises 3% of the world’s area, 21% of the world’s population and 3.8% of the global economy. SAARC countries have the common tradition, dress, food and culture, and political aspects thereby synergizing their actions. The SAARC nations have common problems and solutions such as poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, natural disasters, internal conflicts, industrial and technological backwardness, low GDP, and poor socio-economic condition. These nations can uplift their living standards by creating common areas of development. Importance of SAARC for India Regional stability – Nations of SAARC can help in the creation of mutual trust and peace within the region thus promoting stability. Game-changer for India’s Act East Policy – linking South Asian economies with Southeast Asian will further boost economic integration and prosperity to India mainly in the Services Sector. Geo-strategic significance – SAARC can engage Nepal, Bhutan, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka in economic cooperation and development process to counter China (OBOR initiative). Neighbourhood first policy – SAARC gives primacy to the country’s immediate neighbours. Global leadership role – It offers India a platform to showcase its leadership in the region by taking up extra responsibilities. However, at present, SAARC appears to be a defunct body even after 36 years of its formation. India’s problems with Pakistan on terrorism, territorial claims, and its role in blocking SAARC initiatives on connectivity and trade are the main reasons behind this dismal situation. Existing Scenario of SAARC The last SAARC summit was held in 2014 and subsequent summits could not be held after 2016 Summit scheduled in Pakistan got cancelled in the backdrop of terrorist attacks in Pathankot and Uri. In 2016, India along with Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, and Sri Lanka declined from participating in the Islamabad SAARC summit. In the regional outreach of BRICS summit of 2016, rather than SAARC, BIMSTEC leaders were invited giving message that BIMSTEC (of which Pakistan is not a member), has come to be flaunted as an alternative to SAARC In SAARC Ministers Meeting 2019, both countries’ ministers boycotted each other’s speeches The South Asian region is beset with unsettled territorial disputes, as well as trans-border criminal and subversive activities and cross-border terrorism. The region also remains a theatre for ethnic, cultural, and religious tensions and rivalries besides a current rise in ultra-nationalism. Failures & Challenges within SAARC Poor Economic integration – As per world Bank report, with intra-regional trade at less than 5% of total trade, South Asia is the least integrated region in the world, dwarfed by East Asia’s 35% and Europe’s 60%. Independent India’s choice of closed Economic Model led to a steady deterioration of commercial connectivity with the neighbours. Intra-regional investment is <1% of the region’s overall global investment. South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) that came into force in 2006 is often highlighted as a prominent outcome of SAARC, but given the presence of sensitive lists, it is yet to be implemented in spirit. Internal Tussles – Pakistan’s non-cooperation has stalled some major initiatives under SAARC. For example: SAARC-Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) and SAARC satellite project were replaced with BBIN-MVA and South Asia satellite respectively (without Pakistan). Taliban takeover of Afghanistan also pose a concern over its cooperation within SAARC. Asymmetry between India and other member countries – They perceive India as “Big Brother” and have been reluctant to implement various agreements under SAARC fearing Indian domination. Unstable Financial Positions – SAARC members are financially and economically not very much developed, which creates an uncertain future for this organization. SAARC faces shortage of resources, but countries have been reluctant to increase their contribution. Exclusion of Contentious Issues from SAARC Charter – The charter of SAARC itself has some self-imposed anomalies as its charter has the provision of not discussing the contentious and bilateral disputes. On the one hand, it asks for increased cooperation and exchanges and on the other hand, avoids negotiations on bilateral disputes. Lack of Strong Infrastructure – South Asian countries share some common features like cheap labour, low incomes, low value-added commodities and comparative advantage in the same commodities as tea, garments etc. The intraregional trade cannot be successful in such conditions where the trade and economic structure and industrial infrastructure is similar To face such challenges, the South Asian countries must cooperate in a better manner. The European and ASEAN experience is testimony to the contribution of regional cooperation in the economic growth of the countries. If India aspires to become a global power, it must keep its neighbourhood peaceful, prosperous, and supportive. In this context, reviving SAARC becomes very important. Need for Revival of SAARC Regional Disconnect – makes it easier for member countries and international agencies, to deal with South Asia as a fragmented group rather than a collective one. This disconnect is a challenge to India’s economic and security interests. Impact of Covid-19 – The impact of Covid-19, is a growing distaste for ‘globalisation’ and growing preference for nativism, self-dependence, and localising supply chains. Reviving SAARC is crucial to countering the common challenges brought about by the pandemic. Dealing with China – China is sending medicines, personal protective equipment kits, and promising vaccines to most SAARC countries as part of its. “Health Silk Road” initiative Therefore, in dealing with China’s challenge, both at India’s borders and in its neighbourhood, a unified South Asian platform remains India’s most potent countermeasure. BIMSTEC cannot replace SAARC for reasons such as lack of a common identity and history among all BIMSTEC
Group of 7 (G-7)
Group of 7 (G-7) Why in NEWS? India was invited as a Guest nation to the 47th G-7 Summit held in June 2021 at Cornwall, UK. Since 2014, this is the second time the Prime Minister will be participating in a G7 meeting. During Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s tenure, India attended the G8 Summit five times. The Objective of the 47th G7 Summit was to unite leading democracies to help the world build back better from the coronavirus and create a greener, more prosperous future. The Group of Seven (G-7) is an informal bloc of industrialized democracies – France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and Canada – that meets annually to discuss issues of common interest like global economic governance, international security, and energy policy. History France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States formed the Group of Six in 1975 to provide a venue for the industrialized democracies to address pressing economic concerns, in the wake of 1973 Oil Crisis. Later, Canada was also invited to join and the first meeting with all G-7 nations was held in 1976. The G-7 was known as the G-8 for several years after the original seven were joined by Russia in 1997. The group returned to being called G-7 after Russia was expelled as a member in 2014 following the annexation of the Crimea region of Ukraine. There are no formal criteria for membership, but participants are all highly developed democracies. The aggregate GDP of G-7 member states make up nearly 50% of the global economy and 10% of the world’s population.The requirements to be a member of the G7 are a high net national wealth and a high HDI (Human Development Index). Significance of G-7 G-7 is considered to be the 2nd most important grouping after UNSC which can effectively deal with global issues The major purpose of the G-7 is to discuss and sometimes act to help resolve global problems, with a special focus on economic issues. It became more relevant in the 1980s when it started discussing issues related to foreign policy and security as well. In response to mounting concern over money laundering, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was established by the G-7 group in Paris in 1989. In recent years, G7 leaders have met to formulate common responses to challenges encompassing counterterrorism, development, education, health, human rights, and climate change. Launched a coordinated response in 2002 to fight the threat of AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria This led to the formation of the Global Fund, an innovative financing mechanism that has disbursed more than $45 billion in aid. Tackling Climate Change – In 2015, members launched the Global Apollo Program, designed to tackle climate change through clean energy research and development. The programme calls for developed nations to commit to spending 0.02% of their GDP on tackling climate change from 2015 to 2025. This would mean spending $150 billion over a 10-year period. India is an important partner for the G-7, as it is a strong promoter of democracy and have significant regional influence. Significance of India – G-7 Relationship India’s presence at G7 is an acknowledgement of the changing world order and India’s growing importance as a major economic power. This year’s invitation is a continuation of India’s long-term desire of becoming part of global high table of diplomacy. India is a natural ally for the G7 countries in defending the shared values from a host of threats stemming from authoritarianism, terrorism and violent extremism, disinformation, and economic coercion. Countering China – B3W initiative launched to support infrastructure investment in low- and middle-income countries is a counter to China’s belt and road initiative which is accused by western countries of promoting predatory financing. Vaccine Diplomacy – Commitment to provide over 1 billion covid vaccine without any strings attached come as a breather to countries like India who are emerging from deadly second wave of covid and grappling with shortage of vaccines. New Atlantic charter deals with challenges like climate change, biodiversity, rise of authoritarianism in which India is a key stakeholder and thus can hold the promise of heralding a new chapter in India’s relationship with the West. However, G-7 organization has been criticized for being a closed group and not reflecting the current state of global politics or economics. Has G-7 lost Power? – Criticisms Outdated Group – The group is criticized as no longer reflecting the modern-day geopolitical realities. Many incumbent members like Italy and Canada possess less economic and political power in comparison to non-members like India and China. Shift of Power – G-20 Summit superseded G-7 as the world’s most important meeting of all global leaders. It signalled the end of the old-world order and the beginning of a new one. Disregards the interest of smaller nations – Several countries and individuals still perceive the G7 as an exclusive, closed group that blatantly exercises its power over other nations. The collective power of the group is so huge that it creates a disproportionate impact on other nations. Failed in tackling Global problems – G7 accounts for 59% of historical CO2 emissions and pledged to phase out fossil fuels. Yet there is no visible progress of the same, and they currently account for twice the CO2 emission than African continent. G7 nations failed in addressing the West Asian migrant crisis, leading to deaths and inhumane statelessness for millions. Non-Binding nature: Unlike other bodies such as NATO, the G7 has no legal existence or a permanent secretariat. Further, the meeting commitments are non-binding in nature. Shortcomings of Washington Consensus – The grouping has mainly focused on realising the Washington consensus. It is a collective term used for 10 economic policy prescriptions to promote a free-market economy. The East Asian crisis in the late 1990s and the global recession of 2008–09 indicated that increased deregulation would only result in financial instability. Internal Tussles – There are a number of disagreements in the Group of 7 internally, e.g. clash of the USA with other members over taxes on imports and action on climate change. Way Forward
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 11 – GS Paper 2
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 11 – GS Paper 2 Check All Prelims Mock Questions 1. Directions for the following 8 (eight) items: Read the following eight passages and answer the items that follow the passages. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.Passage – 1What climate change will undeniably do is cause or amplify events that hasten the reduction of resources. Competition over these diminishing resources would ensue in the form of political or even violent conflict. Resource-based conflicts have rarely been overt and are thus difficult to isolate. Instead they take on veneers that appear more politically palatable. Conflicts over resources like water are often cloaked in the guise of identity or ideology. 1. What does the above passage imply?(a) Resource-based conflicts are always politically motivated.(b) There are no political solutions to resolve environmental and resource-based conflicts.(c) Environmental issues contribute to resource stresses and political conflict.(d) Political conflict based on identity or ideology cannot be resolved. Passage – 2The man who is perpetually hesitating which of the two things he will do first, will do neither. The man who resolves, but suffers his resolution to be changed by the first counter-suggestion of a friend— who fluctuates from opinion to opinion and veers from plan to plan— can never accomplish anything. He willat best be stationary and probably retrograde in all. It is only the man who first consults wisely, then resolves firmly and then executes his purpose with inflexible perseverance, undismayed by those petty difficulties which daunt a weaker spirit—that can advance to eminence in any line. 2. The keynote that seems to be emerging from the passage is that(a) we should first consult wisely and then resolve firmly(b) we should reject suggestions of friends and remain unchanged(c) we should always remain broad-minded(d) we should be resolute andachievement-oriented Passage – 3During the summer in the Arctic Ocean, sea ice has been melting earlier and faster, and the winter freeze has been coming later. In the last three decades, the extent of summer ice has declined by about 30 percent. The lengthening period of summer melt threatens to undermine the whole Arctic food web, atop which stand polar bears. 3. Which among the following is the most crucial message conveyed by the above passage?(a) Climate change has caused Arctic summer to be short but temperature to be high.(b) Polar bears can be shifted to South Pole to ensure their survival.(c) Without the presence of polar bears, the food chains in Arctic region will disappear.(d) Climate change poses a threat to the survival of polar bears. Passage – 4Why do people prefer open defecation and not want toilets or, if they have them, only use them sometimes? Recent research has shown two critical elements : ideas of purity and pollution, and not wanting pits or septic tanks to fill because they have to be emptied. These are the issues that nobody wants to talk about, but if we want to eradicate the practice of open defecation, they have to be confronted and dealt properly. 4. Which among the following is the most crucial message conveyed by the above passage?(a) The ideas of purity and pollution are so deep-rooted that they cannot be removed from the minds of the people.(b) People have to perceive toilet use and pit-emptying as clean and not polluting.(c) People cannot change their old habits.(d) People have neither civic sense nor sense of privacy. Passage – 5In the last two decades, the world’s gross domestic product (GDP) has increased by 50 percent, whereas inclusive wealth has increased by a mere 6 per cent. In recent decades, GDP-driven economic performance has only harmed inclusive wealth like human capital; and natural capital like forests, land and water. While the world’s human capital which stands at 57 per cent of total inclusive wealth grew by only 8 percent, the natural capital which is 23 percent of total inclusive wealth declined by 30 per cent worldwide in the last two decades. 5. Which of the following is the most crucial inference from the above passage?(a) More emphasis should be laid on the development of natural capital.(b) The growth driven by GDP only is neither desirable nor sustainable.(c) The economic performance of the countries of the world is not satisfactory.(d) The world needs more human capital under the present circumstances. Passage – 6By 2020, when the global economy is expected to run short of 56 million young people, India, with its youth surplus of 47 million, could fill the gap. It is in this context that labour reforms are often cited as the way to unlock double-digit growth in India. In 2014, India’s labour force was estimated to be about 40 percent of the population, but 93 percent of this force was in unorganized sector. Over the last decade, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of employment has slowed to 0.5 per cent, with about 14 million jobs created during last year when the labour force increased by about 15 million. 6. Which of the following is the most rational inference from the above passage?(a) India must control its population growth so as to reduce its unemployment rate.(b) Labour reforms are required in India to make optimum use of its vast labour force productively.(c) India is poised to achieve the double-digit growth very soon.(d) India is capable of supplying the skilled young people to other countries. Passage – 7The very first lesson that should be taught to us when we are old enough to understand it, is that complete freedom from the obligation to work is unnatural, and ought to be illegal, as we can escape our share of the burden of work only by throwing it on someone else’s shoulders. Nature ordains that the human race shall perish of famine if it stops working. We cannot escape from this tyranny. The question we have to settle is how much leisure we can afford to allowourselves. 7. The main idea of the passage is that(a) it is essential for human beings to work(b) there should be a balance between work and leisure(c) working
UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice Test 10 GS 1 & 2
UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice Test 10 GS 1 & 2 UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice Test 10 GS 1 & 2 Check All Mains Questions 1. Name any two legal initiatives taken for the protection of girl children. Analyze how far they have succeeded in their stated objectives. (10 Marks) 2. Examine how Indian secularism is distinctive from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (10 Marks) 3. Discuss the impact of globalisation in the life of older people and in geriatric care of India. (10 Marks) 4. Though the caste system in India has undergone considerable changes over the years, it still persists in its worst form. Identify how the caste system is still playing a major role in determining social functions? (10 Marks) 5. “Me too” movement though reflective of new-age women movement standing up for themselves, is non-inclusive and has only limited reach. Critically analyze. (10 Marks) 6. Identify and analyze the social factors that perpetuate poverty in India. (10 Marks) 7. “Many schemes fail to bring results because they are not reflective of the ground social realities”.Critically analyze with examples. (10 Marks) 8. “Despite numerous initiatives over years abhorrent practises like untouchability and manual scavenging still exists in many places in India.” Comment. (10 Marks) 9. “Gender inequality that perpetuates social discriminations and lowers economic growth is itself a result of various social, economic and political factors.”Analyze. (15 Marks) 10. Indian urbanization is not only a result of economic changes and development but a combination of economic, social and political features woven into the very fabric of India. Analyse. (15 Marks) 11. Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss. (15 Marks) 12. What are the major provisions and powers of the National Commission for Backward Classes? How far a constitutional body can ensure the rights of the individual? Substantiate quoting the past experiences of India. (15 Marks) 13. Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain mere show pieces until and unless they are backed by political will’. Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty alleviation programmes in India. (15 Marks 14. “Self Help Groups (SHG) have succeeded in delivering financial inclusion, but for them to evolve as business enterprise requires a different approach.” In light of this statement, examine their role in rural development and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote them. (15 Marks) 15. The education system has a direct bearing on the quality of our human resources. In light of the statement analyse how the newly proposed National Policy on Education try to solve the issue of quality in the education system of India? (15 Marks) Answers 1. Name any two legal initiatives taken for the protection of girl children. Analyze how far they have succeeded in their stated objectives. (10 Marks) Answer: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs data shows that India is one of only two countries along with China where female infant mortality is higher than male infant mortality. The extent of deprivation girl child faces in her life is clearly visible from this. The legal initiatives taken for the protection of girl children in India are ●Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act: It attempts to effectively address the heinous crimes of sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children through less ambiguous and more stringent legal provisions.● It incorporates child friendly procedures for reporting, recording of evidence, investigation and trial of offences. ● The Act recognizes that the intent to commit an offence needs to be penalized. ● Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986: It designates a child as a person who has not completed their 14th year of age. ● It aims to regulate the hours and the working conditions of child workers and to prohibit child workers from being employed in hazardous industries. Other major legal initiatives include the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 which was enacted to stop female feticides and arrest the declining sex ratio in India. Analysis of the legal initiatives: ●Government has set up Special Courts under Section 28 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act for each district for the timely disposal of the cases.National and State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights has been mandated for better monitoring of the implementation of POCSO Act ●But the closure rate of POCSO cases was just 31% across States and Union Territories. ●With the enactment of the Child Labour Act,1986 the number of child workers between the ages of five and 14 in India reduced drastically in India. The number came down from 12 million to about 4.3 million by 2011 Census. ●The amendment to the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 however slashed the list of hazardous occupations for children from 83 to include just mining, explosives, and occupations mentioned in the Factory Act. ●In effect it legalised the child labour in so many industries which can be detrimental.Suitable amendments are required to reduce the deprivations faced by girl children in India. Laws have to consider the gender inequality, patriarchal mindset of the society and a biased favour to the male child etc. in the society to address the grievances of girl children. 2.Examine how Indian secularism is distinctive from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (10 Marks) Answer: A secular nation,means there is no discrimination between various religious denominations and state does not endorse any. For example Pakistan has Islam as it’s official religion,while Indian constitution declares itself to be a secular nation. Characteristics of secularism ●State should be non-theocratic:- A state must not be run by the heads of any particular religion. A state governed directly by a priestly order is called theocratic. For example- Papal States of Europe in Medieval period ●States should have no formal, legal alliance with any religion:- Many non-theocratic states have close alliance with a particular religion. ●A secular state must be committed to principles and goals which are at least partly derived from non- religious
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 12 – GS Paper 1
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 12 – GS Paper 1 Check All Prelims Mock Questions 1.Consider the following with respect to “the Gandhian challenges” launched by Niti Aayog1.It provides a platform for children to find solutions for various problems affecting sustainable development.2.It celebrates the partnership between the Government of India and UNICEF India to enable Every Right for Every Child.Select the correct statements from following(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 2.Consider the following statements regarding membership in WTO:1.The process of becoming a WTO member is unique to each applicant country depending upon the country’s stage of economic development and current trade regime2.All UN members are either a member or an observer of the WTO as of nowChoose the correct statements using the codes given below:(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 3. Consider the following statements regarding Youth Co:Lab in India:1. It aims at accelerating social entrepreneurship and innovation in young India.2. It is jointly launched in India by Atal Innovation Mission, NITI Aayog and United NationsDevelopment Programme-India. Which of the above statements is/are true?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 4. Consider the following statements regarding agriculture land use of India:1. The gross cropped area in the country is higher than the net sown area.2. The average cropping intensity in India has steadily decreased since Independence.Which of the above statements is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 5. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding recently launched Private Tejas Express?1. It is operated by the IRCTC, a subsidiary of Indian Railways.2. Itrunsbetweenthenorthernarmof golden quadrilateral.3. It is the first semi-high speedtrain running in India.Select the correct answer using the codes given below:only(b) 1 and 2(c) 1 and 3(d) 1,2 and 36. Consider the following statements:1. Revenue Expenditure as a percentage of total GDP has steadily decreased over the last decade.2.Capital Expenditure as a percentage of total GDP has steadily increased over the last decade.Which of the above statements is/are correct?(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 7.“Power of Siberia” sometimes news recently refers to?(a)It is the total value of petroleum deposit below the permafrost of Siberia(b)Military exercise between India and Russia(c)Russian technology of construction on permafrost(d)None of the above 8.Consider the following statements regarding Kartarpur Corridor1.Corridor connects Dera Baba Nanak in Gurdaspur with Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Kartarpur.2.The Kartarpur town was established by Guru Nanak.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 9. Which of the following statements is not true regarding WTO?(a) All major decisions are made by the membership as a whole, with each member having an equal voice.(b) World Trade Organization was established in 1990.(c) India is a founding member of the WTO(d) Ministerial conference is the highest decision making body of the WTO 10. Which of the following is/are the aims of the flagship programme of ‘Make in India’ by the Government of India?1. Reduce the dependence of Indian industry and manufacturing sector with that of other countries around the world through complete import substitution strategy.2. Increase the share of manufacturing sector to GDP in India through development of Industrial Corridors and enhancing foreign investments.3. Replacing the capital intensive industries in India with labour intensive industries to provide more employment for the labour force.Select the correct answer using the code given below:(a) 2 and 3 only(b) 1,2 and 3(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 2 only 11.In which of the following states Shirui Lily Festival is celebrated?(a) Meghalaya(b) Arunachal Pradesh(c) Manipur(d) Kashmir 12. “Randomised Control Trials” was in the news recently . It is associated with which of the following?(a) NASA’s experiment to humanize Mars(b) Nobel Prize for Economics 2019(c) Malaria elimination program in African countries by WHO(d) Part of the announced Chandrayaan-3 Mission 13.With reference to National Digital Health Blueprint committee, consider the following statements1. Objectives of NDHB are aligned to the Vision of National Health Policy 2017 and the Sustainable Development Goals..2. Implementation of National Health Stack is a main objective.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 14. Which one of the following best describes the term Track 1.5 Diplomacy?(a) People-to-people diplomacy undertaken by individuals and private groups(b) A situation in which official and non-official actors work together to resolve conflicts(c) Official discussions typically involving high- level political and military leaders(d) A term for operating on several tracks simultaneously, including official and unofficial conflict resolution efforts 15. India has a Strategic Partnership Council with:(a) China(b) Saudi Arabia(c) United Kingdom(d) United States of America 16. Consider the following about Livestock Census 2019:1. Department of Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers Welfare has released the 20th Livestock Census report.2. It has been conducted periodically since 1919-20 which covers all domesticated animals and its headcounts both in rural and urban areas.3. Uttar Pradesh has recorded highest livestock population in 2019 among the states.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 and 3 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 2 only(d) 1, 2 and 3 17. Saline soils are formed in India due to:1. Ingress of seawater through estuaries and rivers in coastal regions.2. Excess focus on canal irrigation practises in the arid and semi arid parts of country.3. Inadequate drainage system development.Select the correct answer using the code given below:(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 2 only(d) (d) 1,2 and 3 18.”Triple Billion targets” recently seen in news is associated with which of the following organizations?(a) WHO(b) ILO(c) UNESCO(d) UNICEF 19. Which of the following United Nations organ acts as a forum for developing countries to discuss the problems related to economic development?(a) UNGA(b) UNCTAD(c) UNDP(d) UNSC 20. Consider the following statements regarding the World Bank Group1. The World Bank Group is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries2. It is the largest development bank in the world and is an observer at the United Nations Development GroupSelect the correct statements using the codes given below(a)
Elementor #4356
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 13 – GS Paper 1 UPSC Prelims Mock Test 13 – GS Paper 1 Check All Prelims Mock Questions 1. Which of the following are part of UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves?1.Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve2.Manas Biosphere Reserve3.Nokrek Biosphere Reserve4.Kachchh Biosphere Reserve5.Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve Select the correct answer using the code:(a)1, 2 and 5 only(b)1, 3 and 5 only(c)1, 2, 3 and 4 only(d)1, 3, 4 and 5 only 2.Consider the following pairs: 1. Minamata convention a. Mercury 2. Stockholm convention b.Persistent organic pollutants 3. Basel convention c. Lead Which of the following is/are correctly matched?(a)1 and 2 only(b)1 and 3 only(c)2 and 3 only(d)1,2 and 3 3. Which of the following defines the term “Plant Blindness”?(a)When weeds cover a plant population in a particular area(b)A form of cognitive bias where there is a human tendency to ignore plant species.(c)Poisoning by some plants that make some animals to go blind temporarily(d)Artificial Intelligence induced Genetic Modification for suppressing some non-essential genetic expression 4. With reference to the District Mineral Foundations, consider the following statements:1.It is established under the provisions of Mines and Minerals Act,2015.2.The nodal authority for DMF in all the states is respective planning departments.Which of the above statements is/are correct?(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 5. Galilee Basin is in which of the following places/Countries?(a)Australia(b)Israel(c)Palestine(d)Sri Lanka 6. In context of environment, the term“dirty dozen” refers to:(a)Twelve most harmful greenhouse gases(b)Twelve ozone depleting substances(c)Twelve persistent organic pollutants(d)None of the above 7. Consider the following statements regarding International Space Station:1.As of now, the International Space Station is the only fully functioning space station and largest human-made body in low Earth orbit2.The Spadex Experiment conducted by ISRO helps in developing an Indigenous Space Station.Which of the following is/are correct?(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 8. Consider the following statements :1.No human activity is allowed inside tiger reserves.2.Tourism is allowed in national parks.Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?(a) 1 only(b) 2 only(c) Both 1 and 2(d) Neither 1 nor 2 9. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 provides for creation of various categories of protected areas. These include:1. National parks2. Wildlife sanctuaries3.Biosphere reserve4.Tiger reservesSelect the correct answer using the codes given below.(a)1 and 2 only(b)1 and 3 only(c)2 and 3 only(d)1, 2 and 4 only 10. In which of the following protected areas is/are you likely to see Shola forests?1.Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary2.Manas National Park3.Bandhavgarh National Park Select the correct answer using the code given below:(a)1 and 2 only(b)3 only(c)1 and 3 only(d)None of the above11. Consider the following statements:1.There is no national guidelines in India with regard to forest fire prevention.2.Burning of agricultural residues adjacent to the forest lands can cause forest fires.3.Collection of Non Timber Forest Products from forest lands can cause forest fires.Select the correct answer using the code given below:(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1,2 and 3 12. Consider the following statements about DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019:1.The bill tries to check use of DNA technology to establish the identity of a person2.In 2016, Andhra Pradesh became the first state in India to start DNA profiling to stop crimes.3.DNA Index System is an initiative which allows generation of DNA profiles from live samples like saliva and blood stains within 90- 120 minutes.Which of the following statements is/are correct?(a)1 only(b)1 and 2 only(c)1 and 3 only(d)1,2 and 3 13. Consider the following about the biodiversity in world:1. The number of flora is more than fauna in the list of recorded species in the world.2.The number of fungi species in the world is more than the combined total of the species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.Select the right statements(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)None of the above 14. Consider the following statements1.The US H-1B visa is a non- immigrant visa that allows US companies to employ graduate level workers in technical occupations.2.H1B visa holders are allowed to apply for permanent residency in the US as well as buy or sell property in the country.3.Dependents of H-1B visa holders get L-1BWhich of the following statements is/are correct?(a)1 only(b)1 and 2 only(c)2 only(d)1, 2 and 3 15. Consider the following statements about South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network:1.It is an inter-governmental wildlife law enforcement support body of South Asian countries.2.It was established by a meeting of all the eight SAARC members.3.Its secretariat is based in Bangladesh.Which of the above statements is/are correct?(a)1 and 2 only(b)2 and 3 only(c)1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3 16. Which of the following is/areconsidered as ‘Ecosystem Services’?1.Pollination of crops2.Prevention of soil erosion3.Water purification4.Decomposition Of wastes5.Climate RegulationSelect the correct answer using the code given below:(a)1,2 and 3 only(b)2,3,4 and 5 only(c)1,2 and 5 only(d)All of the above 17.Guru Ghasidas, Indravati and Kanger Valley National Park are located in:(a)Jharkhand(b)Chattisgarh(c)Madhya Pradesh(d)Odisha 18. Consider the following statements:1.Alpha diversity is the diversity of a place we observe in a particular site.2.Gamma diversity is the overall diversity for the different ecosystems.Choose the correct answer from the following:(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)None of the above 19. Consider the following statements regarding Kigali Agreement:1.It is a legally binding agreement.2.All countries are divided into 3 groups with different timelines to phase out emissions with India in the third group.Which of the above statements is/are correct?(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 20.Which among the following is key faunal species that is being conserved and monitored in ‘Dachigam National Park’?(a)Musk Deer(b)Golden Oriole(c)Yellow-throated Marten(d)Hangul 21.Consider the following statements:1.Presently the GST rate on Electric Vehicles is 5%.2.Customers will get additional income tax relaxation on any loans they take to buy an EV.3.FAME India is a part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan under the Ministry of Renewable Energy.Which of the following is/are true?(a)1 only(b)2 and 3 only(c)1 and 2 only(d)None of the above 22.Arrange the following species in the possible order of food chain:1.Cycads2.Beetle3.RodentsSelect the correct answer using the code given below:(a) 1-2-3(b) 3-2-1(c) 3-1-2(d) 1-3-2 23.The development of vegetation in any ecosystem is affected by:1.Sunlight2.Soil texture3.Relief4.Human beingsSelect the correct answer using the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization -SCO
Shanghai Cooperation Organization -SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization – SCO is a Eurasian intergovernmental political, economic, and military organization founded in Shanghai in 2001 and headquartered in Beijing. The mains focus area of the group is Regional development and Security issues (terrorism, ethnic separatism, and religious extremism). SCO comprises 8-member states, India, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan, Russian, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It has 4 Observer States (includes Iran and Afghanistan) and 6 Dialogue Partners. About SCO SCO owes its origin to its predecessor “Shanghai Five”, which was a multilateral forum founded by 5 countries – China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, and Tajikistan, in Shanghai in 1996. Shanghai Five emerged from a series of border demarcation and demilitarization talks which the four former Soviet republics held with China to ensure stability along the borders, after the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991. Following the accession of Uzbekistan to the organisation in 2001, the Shanghai Five was renamed as the SCO. India, along with Pakistan, became full-time members during the Astana summit in Kazakhstan in 2017. While Central Asian countries and China were not in favour of expansion initially, the main supporter of India’s entry in particular was Russia. A widely held view is that Russia’s growing unease about an increasingly powerful China prompted it to push for its expansion. Working of the SCO is underpinned by the “Shanghai Spirit” which is about mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for cultural diversity and pursuit of common development. Read Full GS Notes Working Structure: Heads of State Council (HSC) – the highest decision-making body in the SCO. Heads of Government Council (HGC) – SCO’s second-highest body that deals with the grouping’s trade and economic agenda besides approving its annual budget. It has two permanent bodies – the SCO Secretariat based in Beijing and the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in Tashkent. SCO Business Council and SCO Interbank Consortium also work for increasing the cooperation among members for expanding economic cooperation and bank services respectively. SCO represents around 42% of the world’s population, nearly 20% of the global GDP and 22% of the world’s landmass. 4 of its members (India, Russia, China, and Pakistan) are nuclear powers and 2 (Russia and China) are permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC). Culture has become an important element of the SCO, attuned to the group’s search for an inclusive Eurasian identity. SCO is part of India’s stated policy of pursuing “multi-alignments”. From the Indian perspective, the strategic and geographical space in which the SCO straddles are extremely important. The security, strategic, economic, and geopolitical interests are also closely intertwined with developments in this area. Significance of Shanghai Cooperation Organization – SCO for India Geostrategic significance – SCO will help India fulfil its aspiration of playing an active role in its extended neighbourhood as well as checking the ever-growing influence of China in Eurasia. Platform for India to simultaneously engage with its traditional friend Russia as well as its rivals – China, and Pakistan. Security – SCO’s main objective of working cooperatively against the “three evils” of terrorism, separatism, and extremism is in consonance with India’s interests. Regular participation in Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) and joint military exercises (India participated in 2018) will help enhance combat capabilities and intelligence sharing. SCO provides a platform for multilateral cooperation to tackle the menace of illegal drug trade emanating from ‘Drug Crescent’ (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and illegal arms trade in the region. Connectivity – SCO is also a potential platform to advance India’s Connect Central Asia policy – through trade, people to people contact and cultural connect. This is much in line with India’s focus on connectivity through efforts like International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) & Ashgabat Agreement, construction of Chabahar Port and setting up an air freight corridor between Kabul, Kandahar, and New Delhi. Economic – With SCO countries contributing almost 42% of the world population and 20% of the GDP, the proposed FTA with Eurasian Economic Union can provide India with a wider market base for its IT, telecommunications, banking, finance, and pharmaceutical industries With cultural connect and shared history, it also has potential to boost tourism sector of the country (presently SCO countries constituted only 6% of India’s total tourists) Energy Security – Being closer to India geographically, mineral-fuel trade with Central Asia can entail cost savings for India SCO countries along with Iran, Azerbaijan & Turkmenistan hold some of the largest oil (~25%) and natural gas reserves (~50%) of the world Kazakhstan is the largest producer of Uranium. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan are important regional producers of Gold SCO membership could help advance talks on construction of stalled pipelines like TAPI & IPI. Engaging with China – SCO provides a platform for strengthening Indo-China relations and resolving their existing disputes. Russia had played a role in reducing tensions between them after Galwan Valley clashes Cooperation with Pakistan – SCO can be seen as an opportunity for the India and Pakistan to cooperate on issues of mutual interest without bringing in their bilateral disputes. Challenges for SCO Global Geopolitics – Along with BRICS, SCO is seen as an attempt by China & Russia to challenge the Western dominated global order and counterbalance the activities of United States and NATO in Central Asia. The growing proximity of Russia and China and India’s attempts towards better relations with the US makes the organization vulnerable to competitive geopolitics. China’s Belt and Road initiative – India’s position on BRI is contrary to other members, all of which have supported the initiative. Definition of terrorism – India’s definition of terrorism is different from the definition of SCO under RATS. For SCO, terrorism coincides with regime destabilization, whereas for India it is related to state-sponsored cross border terrorism. SCO’s targets are groups like East-Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and Al-Qaeda, whereas groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, operational in India, do not come under the ambit of the SCO anti-terror structure. Other regional organizations – proliferation of other regional undertakings like Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Greater Eurasian Partnership, Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), etc., pose a
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 14 – GS Paper 1
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 14 – GS Paper 1 UPSC Prelims Mock Test 14 – GS Paper 1 Check All Prelims Mock Questions 1. Which of the following is/are the correct difference between an OLED TVs and LED TVs?correct difference between an OLED TVs and LED TVs?1.OLED TVs have LCD panels in the Television Set while LED does not have.2.OLED TVs provide more contrast that LED TVs as each pixel is developed through individual LED crystals.3.Rollable TVs are primarily LED TV technology while thin film TVs are made with OLED TechnologySelect the correct answer using the codes given below:(a)2 only(b)1 only(c)1 and 3(d)1, 2 and 3 2.Consider the following statements regarding Indian Data Relay Satellite System:1.It is a new satellite series that plans to set up a communication system between the space assets of India.2.These satellites will precede the experimental mission of Gaganyaan.Choose the correct statements using the codes given below(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 3.It comes on quickly and is caused by unusually high temperatures, strong winds, and cloudless days, which allow increased solar radiation. This leads to high levels of evapotranspiration. The weather can become so hot, so fast that moisture out of the soil and can lead to major crop losses. The above explanation is about:(a)Heat Island(b)Flash Drought(c)Dry Wind(d)Sahelization 4.The weight of a person standing in the hills and the same person standing in the sea level is:(a)Exactly equal in both cases.(b)Weight while standing in the hills is higher than that in the sea level.(c)Weight while standing in the hills is lower than that in the sea level.(d)None of the above 5.Which of the following statements is/are true regarding different states of matter?1.Only 3 different states of matter are observable on Earth.2.Plasma can only be produced in a laboratory condition.3.There are only five different states of matter ever observed.Select the correct answer using the codes given below:(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)3 only(d)None of the above 6.Which of the following condition will be satisfied when a person in a free falling elevator?(a) The apparent weight is equal to the actual weight.(b) The apparent weight is less than the actual weight.(c) The apparent weight is more than the actual weight(d) The apparent weight is infinity. 7.Arrange the following states with respect to Gross State Domestic Product(GSDP) in descending order.1.Maharashtra2.Gujarat3.Tamil Nadu4.West BengalSelect the correct answer using the code given below:(a) 1-2-3-4(b) 2-1-4-3(c) 1-3-2-4(d) 2-1-4-3 8. Consider the following statements regarding Project NETRA:1.It is an early warning system in airspace which is designed exclusively for the Indian Armed Forces.2.It has been developed by ISRO with the help of Russian space agency Roscosmos.Choose the correct statements using the codes given below(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 9. Which of the statements given below is/are incorrect in respect of population of India?India has highly uneven pattern of population of India?1. India has highly uneven pattern of population distribution2. Theunevenspatialdistributionof population in India suggests a close relationship between population and physical, socioeconomic and historical factors3. The period from 1901-1921 is referred as period of steady population growth4. India has still not seen the launch of any Youth Policy Select the answer using the codes given below(a) 1, 2 and 4 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 3 only(d) 3 and 4 only 10.Silver iodide, potassium iodide and dry ice are commonly used:(a)Artificial cloud seeding techniques.(b)Inputs for the production of second generation biofuels.(c)Reducing global warming.(d)Alternatives for chemical fertilisers. 11.Leaves appear to be green in colour normally because:(a)It absorbs green wavelengths and reflects all the other colours of visible light.(b)Green colour is scattered the most after absorbing all the colours of visible light.(c)Human eye is most sensitive to the green colour wavelengths.(d)Green wavelength is reflected whereas other colours of visible light are absorbed. 12.Which of the following best describes the term ‘Sea Ranching ́ sometimes seen in the news:Farming of fish by enclosing them in protected environments and harvesting them from same environment.(b)Fish are reared in a controlled laboratory environment and let open into the sea(c)Mineral retrieval process that takes place on the ocean floor(d)Submersion of oil drilling equipment fully in deep ocean waters 13.Spindle nuclear transfer is related to which of the following procedures/techniques?(a)Nuclear Fusion(b)Three Parent Baby(c)Atomic Bomb(d)Gene Editing 14.Which of the following is the correct difference between centripetal and centrifugal force?(a)Centripetal and Centrifugal force have the same magnitude and opposite direction.(b)Centripetal and Centrifugal force have unequal magnitude and opposite direction.(c)Centripetal and Centrifugal force have unequal magnitude and same direction(d)There is no difference as both have the same direction and magnitude. 15.The orbital velocity of a satellite is related to which of the following factors?1.Radius of the orbit2.Radius of the earth.3.Mass of the earth4.Mass of the satelliteSelect the correct answer using the codes given below:(a)1, 2 and 4(b)1, 3 and 4(c)1, 2 and 3(d)2, 3 and 4 16. Which of the following is/are true about Special Protection Group(SPG)?1.The elite force was raised in 1991 in the wake of the killing of PM Rajiv Gandhi.2.Special Protection Group has got a statutory status through an act of Parliament3.SPG was formed on the recommendations of the Birbal Nath committee.Which of the following statements is/are true?(a) 1 and 3 only(b) 2 only(c) 2 and 3 only(d) All of the above 17. Shape of aeroplane’s wings enable it to fly smoothly. The shape of aeroplane wings makes:(a) Air pressure on top of the wings will be lower than that under the bottom.(b) Rate of air flow on top of the wings will be lower than that under the bottom.(c) Drag force of the aeroplane higher than the thrust force.(d) Air pressure on top of the wings will be higher than that under the bottom. 18.Consider the following statements regarding gravitational waves:1.They are ripples in the curvature of spacetime that propagate as waves at the speed of light.2.Like electromagnetic waves, gravitational waves should exhibit shifting of wavelength due to the relative velocities of the source and observer3.Einstein first predicted their existence and categorized them as a form of electromagnetic waves.Select the correct answer using the code given below.(a)1 only(b)2 and 3 only(c)1 and 2(d)None
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 15 – GS Paper 1
UPSC Prelims Mock Test 15 – GS Paper 1 Check All Prelims Mock Questions 1. Consider the following statements: 1.Global Refugee Forum is hosted by UNHCR. 2.It is guided by the Global Compact on Refugees.Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 2. Consider the following statements regarding dance forms in India: 1.The two major dance form in India are classical and folk dance.2.The major difference between Classical and Folk dance is their source or origin.3.Both classical dance and folk dance has deep rooted relationship with the Natya Shastra. Choose the correct statements using the codes given below (a)1 and 2 only(b)2 and 3 only(c)1 and 3 only(d)1,2 and 3 3. Which of the following is the purpose of Political Parties Registration Tracking Management System? (a) It helps election commission to get the details of registered political parties.(b) It helps the election commission to track the activities of political parties.(c) It helps the applicant to track their registration of political party through SMS and Email(d) It helps political parties to identify the political funding available in the market. 4. With reference to the art and culture during the Gupta period, consider the following statements: 1.The sculptors of the Gupta period confined their activity only to the medium of stone. 2.Varahavatar reliefs at Udayagiri were built during this period. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 5. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction? 1.It is implemented by the Department of Pharmaceuticals under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.2.It aims to address the problem of drug and substance abuse in the country.3.It employs a multi-pronged strategy involving education, de- addiction and rehabilitation of affected individuals and their families to address the issue. Select the correct answer using the codes given below (a)1 and 2(b)2 and 3(c)1 and 3(d)1, 2 and 3 6.Gamosa Cloth is associated to which state: (a)Assam(b)Rajasthan(c)West Bengal(d)Tamil Nadu 7. Consider the following statements Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): 1.SSB comes under the aegis of the Ministry of Defence.2.It is currently deployed at 2450 kms long Indo-Nepal and Indo- Bhutan borders.3.It has also been declared as the Lead Intelligence Agency for these border areas. Which of the above statements is/are true? (a)1 and 2(b)2 and 3(c)1 and 3(d)1, 2 and 3 8. Which of the following is/are considered as classical dances in India? 1.Sattriya2.Odissi3.Ghoomar4.Manipuri Choose the correct answer from the following options (a)1,2 and 3 only(b)2,3 and 4 only(c)1 and 2 only(d)1,2 and 4 only 9.Consider the following statements about Madhubani paintings: 1.It is widely practised around the place known as Maithili in Bihar.2.Its main theme is supported by traditional geometric patterns.3.Bulging eyes and jolting nose of faces of figures are one of its main attributes Which of the above statementsis/are true? (a)1 and 2(b)1 and 3(c)2 and 3(d)All of the above 10.Consider the following statements: 1.Mauryan pillars are carved out of a monolithic rock while Achaemenian pillar are constructed in pieces.2.Ashoka patronised shraman traditions and popularised it. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 Read Also Best Books for UPSC Preparation 11.Identify the incorrect statement about mamallapuram (a) It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.(b)It was one of the major port cities under chera dynasty(c)It is also known by the name Seven Pagodas(d)Its important structures include Descent of ganges, Panch rathas and Shore temple. 12. Santiago Network is related to: (a)An undersea Optical Fibre network of 1 TB bandwidth.(b)A global partnership to catalyse the technical assistance required by the most climate vulnerable countries.(c)An economic network of South America to improve the ease of doing business(d)A network of like minded countries to improve the adoption of solar energy creation. 13.This dance is introverted and restrained compared to most other dances of India – the artist never establishes eye contact with the audience. The movements are circular and continuous, each merging into the other. Mudras or hand-gestures are subtly absorbed in the flow of the movement overall. The facial expression is subdued and never exaggerated. These features are evident even in the more vigorous masculine dances. Which Indian classical dance is mentioned in the passage above? (a)Bharatanatiyam(b)Kuchipudi(c)Sattriya(d)Manipuri 14.Consider the following statements regarding the State of the Forest Report 2019:1.There is an increase of forest cover from State of the forest report 2017. 2.Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country3.Total forest cover in the North Eastern region is 65.05% of its geographical area showing a decrease of forest cover since the last report.4.Among the big States, Gujarat has the largest area of the wetlands within Recorded Forest Area in the country followed by West Bengal. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a)1 and 3(b)2 and 3(c)1, 2 and 3(d)All the above 15.Consider the following pairs: Festival State Baisakhi Haryana Bhogali Bihu Mizoram Nuakhai Juhar Odisha Onam Kerala Which of the above is/are correctly matched? (a)1 ,2, and 4(b)2 and 4(c)2,3 and 4(d)1,3 and 4 16.Consider the following statements regarding Jal Jeevan Mission: 1.It aims at providing Functional Household Tap Connection to every rural household by 2024.2.Under the guideline prepared, every village will have to prepare a village action plan on three components: water source and its maintenance, water supply, and grey water management Which of the above statements is/are true?(a)1 only(b)2 only(c)Both 1 and 2(d)Neither 1 nor 2 17.In the context of ancient India, what does patimokkha stand for? (a)The rules which are to be observed by members of Buddhist Sangha.(b)The land revenue assessment system followed by Mauryans.(c)A practice of intense fasting and sacrifice followed in Jainism.(d)The compilations of Buddhist religious texts. 18.Consider the following statements regarding Qawwali: 1.It was originally written in Persian2.Amir Khusro is known as the father of Qawwali3.Aaj rang hai is one of the most popular Qawwali composition of Amir Khusro Which of the above statements is/are true? (a)1 and 2(b)1 and 3(c)2 and 3(d)All of the above 19.Consider
Motivation Theories – Content, Process and Contemporary
Motivation Theories – Content, Process and Contemporary Meaning of Motivation Motivation refers to an individual’s drive towards the desired goal with persistence, direction and intensity. Motivation has been defined by Michael J. Jucius as : ‘‘the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get a desired course of action, to push the right button to get a desired reaction.’’ Nature Of Motivation 1.Motivation is a personal and internal feeling. It is a psychological phenomenon which generates within an individual.2.Motivation is a behavioral concept that directs human behavior towards certain goals.3.Motivation is a continuous process.4.Motivation can be either positive or negative.5.Motivation is different from job satisfaction.6.Motivation is an integral part of the management process and every manager must motivate his subordinates to create in them the will to work. Significance Of Motivation Motivation is one of the most crucial factors that determine the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization. High motivation provides the following advantages 1.Motivated employees give greater performance than demotivated ones.2.Motivation inspires employees to make best possible use of different factors of production.3.Higher motivation leads to job satisfaction of workers. As a result labor absenteeism and turnover are low.4.Motivational schemes create integration of individual interests with organizational objectives Types Of Motivation Mainly 2 types of motivation- Positive & Negative. Positive or Incentive Motivation: Positive motivation is generally based on reward.According to Flippo, ‘‘Positive motivation is a process of attempting to influence others to do your will through the possibility of gain or reward.’’ People work for incentives in the form of the four Ps of motivation : praise, prestige, promotion and pay cheque.• Negative or Fear Motivation:• Negative motivation is based on force and fear. Fear causes people to work in a certain way because they are afraid of the consequences if they don’t. If workers do not work, they are threatened with lay off or demotion. Negative motivation has certain limitations. Imposition of punishment frequently results in frustration among those punished, leading to the development of maladaptive behavior. Punishment also creates a hostile state of mind and an unfavorable attitude to the job. Moreover, it may result in lower productivity because it tends to dissipate such human assets as loyalty, cooperation and esprit de corps. Inspite of these demerits, negative motivation has been used to achieve the desired behavior. However, in recent years, the trend has been towards the use of positive motivation. Theories Of Motivation Some of the traditional theories of motivation are : Fear and Punishment Theory: This theory involves the use of coercion and threat,close supervision and tight control of behavior. The basic idea behind this theory is that people work for the sake of money and that they will work only to ensure that the job is not lost. The Theory was authoritarian and military in tone and individuals had no option but either to ‘toe the line or leave the job’. In the present circumstances, this theory is unsuitable. Reward Theory: This theory involves the offer of some reward and good working conditions to motivate people to work better and harder; their demands are satisfied and harmony achieved. It is based on the assumption that people are motivated to work to the extent to which they are rewarded. Frederick Taylor is said to be the originator of this theory as he said, ‘‘Give a man more money and he will produce more.’’ However, sometimes satisfaction leads to indifferent performance. Peter Drucker says, ‘‘Satisfaction with monetary rewards is not a sufficient motivation.’’ Carrot and Stick Theory : This theory assumes that people can be motivated to work if rewards are offered or withheld. The rewards are attached to, and made contingent upon,effective performance. Persons are rewarded for special accomplishments but are penalized if their performance falls below some minimal level. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: A person’s motivational needs can be arranged in a hierarchical manner. Maslow identified five levels in his need hierarchy.They are,in brief, the following. Physiological needs: Physiological needs may be synonymous with the biological needs of human beings like hunger, thirst, sleep andsex, etc. These are the basic needs for sustaining human life itself. Safety needs : This second level of needs is roughly equivalent to the security needs.Maslow stressed emotional as well as physical safety. These are needed to be free of physical danger and of the fear of losing a job, property, food or shelter. Social needs: As man is a social animal, hence once his physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, he seeks affection, love and belongingness from other human beings. These desires motivate their behavior consciously or unconsciously. Esteem needs: The esteem level represents the higher needs of human beings.The needs of power, achievement and status can be considered to be part of this level. Maslowcarefully pointed out that the esteem level contains both self esteem and esteem from others Self-actualisation : Maslow regards this as the highest need in his hierarchy.It is the desire to become what one is capable of becoming—to maximize one’s potential and to accomplish something. The desire for self fulfillment, actualisation and leaving a meaningful life is reflected in this need. Maslow further suggests that these levels are interdependent and overlapping. Each higher need level emerges before the lower needs have been completely satisfied.i.e, only one particular need is predominant which is known as prepotent need. It excludes the influence of other needs.The hierarchy of needs is not always fixed. Evaluation of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Maslow’s theory of need hierarchy has had a tremendous impact on modern management approaches to motivation. His theory of need hierarchy was criticized mainly on the Grounds of sophistication There is not a single word about cultural difference in the theory, whereas culture difference matters a lot. When analyzing the theory on a significant country basis, the cultural differences can be found easily. For example, there are different needs of individuals across China that vary a lot from Maslow’s needs theory. Validity of his research data Maslow formulated the characteristics of self-actualized
