UPSC Mains 2019 Questions- General Studies Paper 1 (GS 1)
Instructions Total Marks: 250. Time duration: 3 hours. There are 20 questions printed both in ENGLISH and HINDI. All questions are compulsory. The number of marks carried by a question/part is printed against it. Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in the medium other than authorized one. Answers to questions no. 1 to 10 should be in 150 words, whereas answers to questions no. 11 to 20 should be in 250 words. Keep the word limit indicated in the questions in mind. Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly. Join Integrated Prelims Cum Mains Test Series 2022 Questions Q1. Highlight the Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art (Answer in 150 words) Q2. The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule. Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words) Q3. Examine the linkages between the nineteenth century’s ‘Indian Renaissance’ and the emergence of national identity. (Answer in 150 words) Q4. Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples. (Answer in 150 words) Q5. Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. (Answer in 150 words) Q6. Can the strategy of regional resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (Answer in 150 words) Q7. Discuss the factors for localisation of agro-based food processing industries of Northwest India (Answer in 150 words) Q8. What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) UPSC Mains 2019 Questions General Studies Paper 2 UPSC Mains 2019 Questions General Studies Paper 3 UPSC Mains 2019 Questions General Studies Paper 4 Q9. “Empowering women is the key to control population growth.” Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) Q10. What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism? (Answer in 150 words) Q11. Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase. Elaborate. (Answer in 250 words) Q12. Assess the role of British imperial power in complicating the process of transfer of power during the 1940s. (Answer in 250 words) Q13. Explain how the foundations of the modem world were laid by the American and French Revolutions. (Answer in 250 words) Q14. What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India? (Answer in 250 words) Q15. How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative import of development initiatives and tourism? (Answer in 250 words) Q16. How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development of India?(Answer in 250 words) Q17. How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the coastal environment ? Give suitable examples (Answer in 250 words) Q18. Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with examples. (Answer in 250 words) Q19. What are the continued challenges for women in India against limo and space? (Answer in 250 words) Q20. Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss. (Answer in 250 words) Try Prelims 2022 Daily FREE Tests
Terrorism Financing
Terrorism Financing For the last few decades, terrorism financing has been a prevalent financial crime on which authorities are desperate to the crackdown. A multitude of laws and regulations have been enacted to reign in the financing of terrorist activity, and are collectively known as counter-terrorist financing policy. Under these policies, most financial institutions are required to fulfil many strict requirements regarding monitoring customers’ transactions and behaviour, conducting proper due diligence, and maintaining appropriate records. Funding mechanism Terrorist organisations get and protect their funding through a variety of illicit activities: Terrorist organisations use sophisticated and dynamic money laundering techniques to conceal their financial assets and sources of funding in order to pass undetected through the global financial system, often making their illegally obtained funding appear as legitimate business activity. How are funds used? Operations, including: terrorist attacks, pre-operational surveillance, travel to and from the target location, vehicles and other machinery, firearms, false identity documents and basic living expenses Propaganda and recruitment through social media to solicit funds from supporters, purchasing internet domain names and administering websites. Training operatives and sympathisers. Salaries and member compensation, as well as for the families of jailed or deceased members. Social services providing public health, social and educational services, designed to undermine the credibility of the legitimate governments International scenario Terrorism financing is a global phenomenon therefore it is of paramount importance to stem the flow of funds to terrorists. Building on the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999), Security Council resolution 1373 (2001),calls on States to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism. Criminalizing the collection and provision of funds for terrorist purposes. Effective mechanisms to freeze funds and other financial assets of persons involved in or associated with terrorism. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF)has also developed detailed recommendations on countering terrorism financing. Role of Financial Action Task Force (FATF) The FATF plays a central role in global efforts in combatting terrorist financing, through its role in setting global standards to combat terrorist financing, assisting jurisdictions in implementing financial provisions of the United Nations Security Council resolutions on terrorism, and evaluating countries’ ability to prevent, detect, investigate and prosecute the financing of terrorism. Read Also Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management & Planning Authority (CAMPA) Objectives Improve and update the understanding of terrorist financing risks, in light of the dynamic way in which the risks are changing in different regions around the world. The understanding of risk is a key part of jurisdictions’ counter-terrorist financing regime, as understanding the risks allows countries to allocate resources to detect or disrupt terrorist financing. Ensure that theFATF Standards provide the framework for countries to be able to identify and disrupt terrorist financing activity. Key recent revisions have included the explicit inclusion of the need to criminalise the financing of travel for the purpose of the perpetration, planning, preparation of or participation in, terrorist acts, or providing or receiving terrorist training. Ensure countries are appropriately and effectively implementing the FATF Standards, to identify and disrupt terrorist financing activity.This includes guidance (both public and confidential) to help public and private sectors effectively implement these tools. Identify and take measures in relation to any countries with strategic deficiencies for terrorist financing. Promote more effective domestic coordination and international cooperation to combat the financing of terrorism. This includes the FATF working closely with the FATF Regional bodies, and other key partners such as the UN. Concerns to India Pakistan in FATF black list: FATF strongly urges Pakistan to swiftly complete its action plan by October 2019 to stop terror funding in the country. External Sources of Terror Finance like NGOs, Charities and Donations, Counterfeiting of Currency, Narco Finance, Maoists etc. Internal Sources of Terrorism Finance like Extortion and Taxation, Crime, NGOs, Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions Various steps taken by Indian Government to combat terror financing in India: i) Strengthening of the provisions in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 to combat terror financing. ii) A Terror Funding and Fake Currency Cell (TFFC) has been constituted in National Investigation Agency (NIA) to conduct focused investigation of terror funding and fake currency cases. iii) Since Fake Indian Currency Notes (FICN) network is one of the channels of terror financing in India, FICN Coordination Group (FCORD) is been formed by the MHA to share intelligence/information among security agencies of the states/centre to counter the problem of circulation of fake currency notes. Read Also National Education Policy, 2019 Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. JOIN NOW
UPSC Mains 2019 Questions- General Studies Paper 2 (GS 2)
UPSC Mains 2019 Questions- General Studies Paper 2 (GS 2) InstructionsDuration: 3 hours; Maximum Marks: 250• Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions:• There are TWENTY questions printed both in HINDI and in ENGLISH. Each Question carries 12.5 marks.• All the questions too compulsory.• Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission Certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) Booklet in the space provided.• No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.• Word limit in questions, wherever specified should be adhered to.• Any page or portion of the page left blank in the Question-cum-Answer Booklet must be clearly struck off. Questions Do you think that the Constitution of India does not accept the principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain. “The Central Administrative Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and complaints by or against central government employees nowadays is 10 exercising its powers as an independent judicial authority ” Explain What are the methods used by the farmers’ organisations to influencer the policymakers in India and how effective are these methods From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative powers by the courts, ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy and Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain. What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism? Despite Consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development, Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive. There is a growing divergence in the relationship between poverty and hunger in India. The shrinking of social expenditure by the government is forcing the poor to spend more on non-food essential items squeezing their food-budget. — Elucidate Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICO based ‘Programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors, and suggest measures for their effective implementation. UPSC Mains 2019 Questions General Studies Paper 1 (GS 1) UPSC Mains 2019 Questions General Studies Paper 3 (GS 3 ) UPSC Mains 2019 Questions General Studies Paper 4 (GS 4 ) 9. The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole. Comment. 10. Too little cash, too much politics, leave UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as 10 being ‘anti-Israel bias’ 11. On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of Peoples Act, 1951? Also, mention the remedies available to such person 15 against his disqualification. ? 12. “Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power.” In the [ight of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution can destroy the Basic Structure 15 of the Constitution by expanding its amending power? 13. “The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. 14. “The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the Government of India.” Discuss. 15. Individual parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. 16. In the context of the neo-liberal paradigm of development planning. mufti-level planning is expected to make operations cost-effective and remove many implementation blockages. Discuss 17. The need for cooperation among various service sectors has been an inherent component of development discourse. Partnership bridges the gap among the sectors. It also sets in motion a culture Of collaboration and team spirit•. In the light Of statements above examine India’s development process. 18. Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable Sections is not so effective due to the absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of the process — Discuss. 19. The long-sustained image or India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised nations has disappeared on account of its newfound role in the emerging global order. elaborate 20. what introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy. which would satisfy India’s and ambitions.’ Explain With suitable examples
General Studies Paper 3 (GS 3) Questions- UPSC Mains 2019
General Studies Paper 3 (GS 3) Questions- UPSC Mains 2019 Instructions Total Marks: 250 marks, Time duration: 3 hours. There are 20 questions printed both in ENGLISH and HINDI. All questions are compulsory. The number of marks carried by a question/part is printed against it. Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in the medium other than authorized one. Answers to questions no. 1 to 10 should be in 150 words, whereas answers to questions no. 11 to 20 should be in 250 words. Keep the word limit indicated in the questions in mind. Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly. Questions Q1. Enumerate the indirect which been subsumed in the Goods And Service Tax (GST) in India, also comment on revenue implications of GST introduced in India since July 2017 (Answer in 150 words) Q2. Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (Answer in 150 words) Q3. How far is Integrated Farming System (IFS) helpful in sustaining agricultural production? (Answer in 150 words) Q4. Elaborate the impact of National Watershed Project in increasing agricultural production from water-stressed areas. (Answer in 150 words) Q5. How was India benefitted from the contributions of Sir M.Visvesvaraya and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan in the fields of water engineering and agricultural science respectively? (Answer in 150 words) Q6. What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (Answer in 150 words) Q7. Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal, poses one of the biggest threats to our environment. Analyse the impact of sand mining along the Indian coasts, citing specific examples. (Answer in 150 words) Q8. Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters. (Answer in 150 words) UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies Paper 1 (GS 1) Question UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies Paper 2 (GS 2)Question UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies Paper 4 (GS 4) Questions Q9. The banning of ‘Jamaat-e – Islami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over-ground workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs in assisting terrorist organizations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize the influence of OGWs. (Answer in 150 words) Q10. What is CyberDome Project? Explain how it can be useful in controlling internet crimes in India. (Answer in 150 words) Q11. It is argued that the strategy of inclusive growth is intended to meet the objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement. (Answer in 250 words) Q12. The public expenditure management is a challenge to the government of India in the context of budget-making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (Answer in 250 words) Q13. What are the reformative steps taken by the government to make food grain distribution system more effective? (Answer in 250 words) Q14. Elaborate the policy taken by the government of India to meet the challenges of the food processing sector. (Answer in 250 words) Q15. How is the government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies? (Answer in 250 words) Q16. How can biotechnology technology improve the living standards of farmers? (Answer in 250 words) Q17. Define the concept of carrying capacity of an ecosystem as relevant to an environment. Explain how understanding this concept is vital while planning for sustainable development of a region. (Answer in 250 words) Q18. Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help in disaster mitigation in the case of landslides. (Answer in 250 words) Q19. The Indian government has recently strengthened the anti-terrorism laws by amending the unlawful activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing the scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (Answer in 250 words) Q20. Cross-border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently emanating across the India-Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counter the challenges. (Answer in 250 words)
Office of Profit
Office of Profit In the most recent ‘office of profit’ controversy, The Andhra Pradesh government protected its MP from the ‘office of profit’ rulebook by moving an ordinance. The MP was appointed as special representative of the state. The matter was pending with the Parliament’s Joint Committee. The President has now referred the matter to the Election Commission. ‘Office of profit’ has been doing the rounds in the news earlier when the President disqualified 20 MLAs of the Delhi Legislative Assembly for being appointed as parliamentary secretaries. There have been reports of parliamentary secretaries being appointed in 20 states in the past with court judgments striking down these appointments in several cases. What is the constitutional provision regarding the Office of Profit? Article 102(1), among other provisions, provides for the disqualification of a member of either House of Parliament if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office declared by Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder. Article 191(1), among other provisions, provides for the disqualification of a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of State if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State specified in the First Schedule, other than an office declared by the Legislature of the State by law not to disqualify its holder. The articles clarify that “a person shall not be deemed to hold an office of profit under the government of India or the government of any state by reason only that he is a minister”. Parliament has enacted the Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act, 1959, to exempt officers from disqualification. Several states also have enacted similar laws. There is no bar on how many offices can be exempted from the purview of the law. The President, in consultation with the Election Commission, disqualifies a member who is holding an office of profit. What is the basis of the disqualification provision? Members of Parliament and State Legislatures have a responsibility to hold the government accountable for its actions. If legislators hold an ‘office of profit’ under the government, they might be susceptible to government influence, and may not discharge their constitutional mandate fairly. The law intends to eliminate any conflict of interest – hence enforces the principle of separation of powers between the legislature and the executive. What is Office of Profit ? ‘Office of Profit’ is not defined in the constitution or any other statute. Its current definition is derived from interpretations made in various court judgments. An office of profit has been interpreted to be a position that brings to the office-holder some financial gain, or advantage, or benefit. In 1964, the Supreme Court laid down the test of appointment (Gurugobinda Basu vs Sankari Prasad Ghosal case) to determine an office of profit; it considers the following: whether the government is the appointing authority, whether the government has the power to terminate the appointment, whether the government determines the remuneration, what is the source of remuneration, and the power that comes with the position. Read Also Agroecology Issue of appointing parliamentary secretaries Recent instances The Nagaland Chief Minister appointed 26 legislators as parliamentary secretaries in 2017 after all the 60 MLAs of the Nagaland Assembly joined the ruling alliance. Goa exempted more than 50 offices by means of an ordinance in 2017. Similarly, Puducherry exempted more than 60 offices. In Delhi, 21 parliamentary secretaries were appointed in addition to the seven ministerial posts to constitute 40% of the 70-member legislature. Issues It is against the separation of powers – holding offices makes a legislator dependent on the executive It is in violation of constitutional provisions – such as a ceiling on the number of ministers It is misused for political reasons – the coalition politics era has led to appeasing members by giving attractive positions. Financial burden – they cause losses to public money because of A larger size of government and arbitrary use of legislative power The appointment of legislators as parliamentary secretaries, despite the office being exempted from the purview of the office of profit law, has been struck down by courts in several states. This is because the courts found that it was an attempt by state governments to bypass the constitutional ceiling on the number of ministers. Important Court Judgements Jaya Bachchan Case (2006) The Supreme Court, while upholding the disqualification of Jaya Bachchan from Rajya Sabha, held that office of profit is relevant if the office is capable of yielding profit or pecuniary gain and not whether the person actually obtained a monetary gain. However, it exempt reimbursement of out of pocket or actual expenses from gains. It also exempts, acquiring a contractor licence from the government to perform functions, which government would have itself discharged. Calcutta High Court judgment (Vishak Bhattacharya vs The State Of West Bengal) 2015 The Court held that the position of Parliamentary Secretary may confer the rank of a junior minister on the legislator, and hence was an attempt by state governments to bypass the constitutional ceiling on the number of ministers. Bombay High Court judgement 2009 It held that appointing parliamentary secretaries of the rank and status of a Cabinet Minister is in violation of Article 164 (1A) of the Constitution, which specifies that the number of ministers including the Chief Minister should not exceed 15% of the total number of members in the assembly. Way Forward The Constitution or Representation of the People Act should be amended to include a holistic definition of Office of Profit. Some suggestions by various committees should be considered The Parliament’s Joint Committee on Office of Profit has suggested additional parameters like remuneration, powers, patronage to determine Office of Profit. The 2nd ARC has recommended that all offices with executive decision-making powers and financial control to be treated as an office of profit. The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution suggested that the Election Commission
General Studies Paper 4 (GS 4) Questions- UPSC Mains 2019
Instructions Total Marks: 250 marks, Time duration: 3 hours. There are 12 questions divided into two sections and printed both in ENGLISH and HINDI. All questions are compulsory. The number of marks carried by a question/part is printed against it. Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in the medium other than authorized one. Keep the word limit indicated in the questions in mind. Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly. Questions Section A 1 (a) What are the basic principles of public life? Illustrate any three of these with suitable examples. (150 words). 101 (b) What do you understand by the term ‘public servant’? Reflect on the expected role of a public servant. (150 words). 102 (a) Effective utilisation of public funds is crucial to meet development goals. Critically e examine the reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilisation of public funds and their implications. (150 words). 102 (b) “Non-performance of duty by a public servant is a form of corruption” Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer (150words). 103 (a) what is meant by constitutional morality? How does one uphold constitutional morality? (150 words). 10 4 (a) Explain the basic principles of citizens’ charter movement and bring out its importance. (150 words) (10 marks) 4(b) There is a view that the official secrets act is an obstacle to the implementation of the Rights to Information act. Do you agree with the view? Discuss (150 words) (10 marks) 5 (a) What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government. (150 words) (10 marks) 5 (b) “Emotional Intelligence is the ability to make your emotions work for you instead of against you.” Do you agree with this view? Discuss. (150 words) (10 marks) 6. What do each of the following quotations mean to you? (a) “An unexamined life is not worth living.” – Socrates (150 words) (10 marks) (b) “A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.” – M.K.Gandhi (150 words) (10 marks) (c) “Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is beauty in the character. When there is beauty in the character, there is harmony in the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is order in the nation. When there is order in the nation, there is peace in the world.” – A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (150 words) (10 marks) UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies Paper 1 (GS 1) Question UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies Paper 2 (GS 2) Question UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies Paper 3 (GS 3) Question SECTION B: Case studies Q7. You are the heading the rescue operations in an area affected by severe natural calamity, thousands of people are rendered homeless and deprived of food, drinking water and other basic amenities. Rescue work has been disrupted by heavy rainfall and damaged to supply routes. The local people are seeding with anger against the delayed limited rescue operations. When your team reaches the affected area, the people there heckle and even assault some of the team members. One of your team members is even severely injured. Faced with this crisis some team member pleads with you to call off the operations freeing threats to their life. In such trying circumstances, what will be your response? Examine the qualities of a public servant which will be required to manage the situations. (250 words) (20 marks) Q8. Honesty and uprightness are the hallmarks of civil servants. Civil servants possessing these qualities are considered as a backbone of any strong organizations. In the line of duty, they take various decisions, at time some become bonafide mistakes. As long as such decisions, are not taken intentionally and do not benefit personally, the officer cannot be said to be guilty. Though such decisions may, at times, lead to unforeseen adverse consequences in the long term. In the recent past, a few instances have surfaced wherein civil servants have been implicated for bonafide mistakes. They have often been prosecuted and even imprisoned. These instances have greatly rattled the moral fibre of the civil servants. How does this trend affect the functioning of civil services? What measures can be taken to ensure that honest civil servants are not implicated for bonafide mistakes on their part? Justify your answer. (250 words) (20 marks) Q9. An apparel manufacturing company having a large number of women employees was losing sales due to various factors. The company hired a reputed marketing executive, who increased the volume of sales within a short span of time. However, some unconfirmed reports came up regarding his indulgence in sexual harassment at the workplace. After sometime a women employee launched a formal complaint to the management against the marketing executive about sexually harassing her. Faced with the companies’ indifference, in not taking cognizance of her grievances, she lodged an FIR with the police. Realizing the sensitivity and gravity of the situation, the company called the women employee to negotiate. In that she was offered a hefty sum of money to withdraw the complaint and the FIR and also give in writing that the marketing executive is not involved in the case. Identify the ethical issues involved in this case. What options are available to the women employee? (250 words) (20 marks) UPSC Mains Answer Writing Q10. In a modern democratic polity, there is a concept of the political executive and permanent executive elected people’s representatives forms the political executive and bureaucracy form the permanent executive. Ministers frame policy decisions and bureaucrats execute these. In the initial decades after independence, the relationship between the permanent executives and the political executives were characterized by mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation, without encroaching upon each other’s domain. However, in subsequent decades, the situation has changed. There are instances of the political executive insisting upon the permanent executives to follow its agenda. Respect for an appreciation
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is a formal process used to predict the environmental consequences of any development project. Environment Impact Assessment in India is statutorily backed by The Environment Protection Act in 1986 Rationale behind EIA EIA looks into various problems, conflicts and natural resource constraints which may not only affect the viability of a project but also predict if a project might harm to the people, their land, livelihoods and environment. Once these potential harmful impacts are predicted, the EIA process identifies the measures to minimize those impacts. Objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment Identifying, predicting and evaluating economic, environmental and social impacts of development activities. Providing information on the environmental consequences for decision making. Promoting environmentally sound and suitable development by identifying appropriate alternatives and mitigation measures. The Environmental Impact Assessment process The EIA process or stages is described below Screening: This stage decides which projects need a full or partial assessment study. Scoping: This stage decides which impacts are necessary to be assessed. This is done based on legal requirements, international conventions, expert knowledge and public engagement. This stage also finds out alternate solutions that avoid or at least reduce the adverse impacts of the project. Alternate designs or sites that avoid or mitigate impact are investigated. Assessment & evaluation of impacts and development of alternatives: this stage predicts and identifies the environmental impacts of the proposed project and also elaborates on the alternatives. EIA Report: in this reporting stage, an environmental management plan (EMP) and also a non-technical summary of the project’s impact is prepared for the general public. This report is also called the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Decision making: the decision on whether the project is to be given approval or not and if it is to be given, under what conditions. Monitoring, compliance, enforcement and environmental auditing: monitoring whether the predicted impacts and the mitigation efforts happen as per the EMP. Importance of Environmental Impact Assessment EIA is a good tool for prudent environment management. It is government-policy that any industrial project in India has to secure EIA clearance from the Environment Ministry before approval for the project itself. Environmental Impact Assessment in India EIA started in India in 1976-77 when the Planning Commission directed the Department of Science & Technology to assess the river valley projects from the point of view of the environment. This was extended for all those projects that required approval from the Public Investment Board. Then, in 1986, the government enacted the Environment (Protection) Act which made EIA statutory. The other main laws in this regard are the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972), the Water Act (1974), the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981), and the Biological Diversity Act (2002). In 1982, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change set up the Environmental Information System (ENVIS) with the purpose of collecting, collating, storing, retrieving and disseminating information related to the environment sector. This serves as a web-based distributed network of subject-specific databases. The chief purpose of the ENVIS is to integrate all countrywide efforts to collect, store, disseminate and use environment-information for better managing environmental assessment activities. Though it seems a very simplified process, but the whole process of EIA encompasses numerous structural and procedural flaws Issues Related to Environmental Impact Assessment Screening and Scoping not well defined—-In the EIA notification 2006, there is a lack of clarity in the overall conductance of the Screening process. As it is the discretion of the State Level Committee to decide which projects are B1 and which are B2, many a time the bias of respective State Governments come into play. The Scoping process faces the same types of issues because of the lack of clarity in guidelines. Misleading EIA reports— Sometimes the EIA reports lack the expected degrees of honesty, owing to bias, corruption, exaggeration and wrong claims. Due to poor knowledge of the project area, the agencies lift paragraphs and sentences from other sources, thus presenting contradictory, inconsistent and outdated information. Moreover, there is no process for punishing the agencies tabling such dishonest EIA reports. Insufficient EIA reports— Agencies or project proponents also prepare incomplete EIA reports, which include incomplete surveys, arbitrary demarcation of EIA study area and unsubstantiated statements. Sometimes the impact with respect to flash floods, landslides, peak precipitation etc. round the year is grossly ignored in reports. Poor quality of EIA professionals—This happens mostly when the proponents themselves conduct the EIA. They intentionally hire local and incompetent professionals to save cost over the whole process or some other vested reasons. These poor professionals prepare a poor quality of EIA reports. Lack of awareness—There is a gross lack of awareness among the local people, about the process of EIA, its significance for them, the role of various players and their own rights and responsibilities. Moreover, there is a communication gap between authorities and local people because the notice for Public hearing is issued in local newspapers only and no separate notices are sent to individual concerned Panchayats. Most of the times local people are unaware of the Public hearing meetings. Unavailability of EIA in local languages— Most of the time EIA reports are unavailable in local languages, thus local people are unable to decipher the reports and are misled by the proponents. This can be interpreted as a clear violation of the right to information on their part. The irony is local people are totally unaware of such implications. Ignorance of officials— The concerned officials, for example, those in Public Hearing committee are ignorant of their roles and responsibilities. Sometimes they don’t even get a copy of EIA report and it is passed without their consent, owing to gross corruption of the system. Over involvement of Public hearing consultants— In the public hearing meeting, the consultants should not be allowed to have a dominant say, except responding to the issues of the people. On the contrary, they get involved in public hearings beyond requirements and thus mislead the local people. Unaddressed issues persist—-The issues raised by people in public
Non Governmental Organization (NGO)
Non Governmental Organization (NGO) The World Bank defines NGOs as private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development. NGOs are legally constituted organizations which operate independently from Government and are generally considered to be nonstate, nonprofit oriented groups who pursue purposes of public interest. Characteristics of NGOs These are social development organizations These are organizations of private individuals who believe in certain basic social principles. They structure their activities to bring about development to communities they are servicing. An independent, democratic, non-sectarian people’s organization working for the empowerment of economic and/or socially marginalized groups. An organization not affiliated to political parties. Registration of NGOs Indian NGOs mainly comes under three segments – Societies, Trusts, Charitable Companies. Societies: Societies have to register under the Societies Registration Act,1860. Trusts: Private trusts are registered under the central government’s Indian Trusts Act, 1882, and public ones are registered under the state legislation concerned. Charitable companies: They are set up according to section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013. For charitable companies, the compliance requirements are high, as loans and advances are easily available to them compared to a trust or a society. They have to even pay Income tax under IT act 1961. Read Also Green Crackers and Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation Constitutional provisions Article 19 (1) (c) – right to form association Article 43 (b) – The State shall endeavour to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of [co-operative societies]. Part IX B – cooperative societies State list – entry 32 Concurrent list entry 10,28 Role of NGO in development Work where state resources are inadequate: Two main such areas include education and healthcare. There are not enough government-run schools or hospitals, especially in rural areas. Even if they are present, they do not have the resources. NGOs try to complement and complete these initiatives. The NGO called Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad is largely credited for the hundred percent literacy rate in that state. Fighting social evils: It is due to the efforts of NGOs that the government has banned sex determination of foetus as it leads to evils like abortion of the female fetus. Right to Information: It is because of the efforts of NGOs that RTI has become a reality in India. Right to Shelter: NGOs such as YUVA and SPARC in cities like Mumbai have repeatedly opposed the demolition of hutments even as they try to improve the quality of life in the sprawling slum clusters Tribal Rights: As witnessed in the Vedanta vs. Posco case, NGOs have raised voice against the discrimination of tribal by the multinationals. Many of these NGOs have partnered with Gram Panchayat in the proper implementation of acts like the Forest Rights Act, CAMPA Act etc. Implementation of welfare schemes: NGOs due to proximity to the general public, work as an interface between government and the end-users. Thus NGOs play three roles of implementer, a catalyst and a partner in the implementation of government welfare schemes. Rehabilitation: NGOs did a remarkable job post-2004 Tsunami. Besides helping in rescue operations, NGOs also set up vocational training centres. Community Development: Local, national and regional NGOs have emerged as major players and partners in development activities in the region. At the community level, they are in the front line in providing assistance in the acquisition of basic needs and amenities; in identifying issues, raising awareness, and in articulating the communities’ problems. Role of NGOs in Protection of Environment : Major campaigns by NGOs: Climate Change Protection of Pristine forests Protection of marine life and diversity Against whaling Against Genetic Engineering/ GMOs Prevention of Nuclear Threat to wildlife Elimination of chemical and biological toxic waste Encouragement of sustainable trade Some major environmental NGOs in India are: Greenpeace WWF Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) Read Also Poshan Abhiyaan Legislations regulating the finances of NGOs Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010 Foreign funding of voluntary organizations in India is regulated under the FCRA act and is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The acts ensure that the recipients of foreign contributions adhere to the stated purpose for which such contribution has been obtained. Under the act, organisations require to register themselves every five years. Registration and prior approval under FCRA: In order to be registered under the FCRA, an NGO must be in existence for at least three years and must have undertaken reasonable activity in its field for which the foreign contribution is proposed to be utilised. Further, it must have spent at least INR 1,000,000 over three years preceding the date of its application on its activities. The registration certificate is valid for a period of five years and must be thereafter renewed in the prescribed manner. NGOs not eligible for registration can seek prior approval from FCRA for receiving foreign funding. This permission is granted only for a specific amount of foreign funding from a specified foreign source for a specific purpose. It remains valid till receipt and full utilisation of such amount. The Act imposes various conditions on the use of foreign funds and some of them are as follows: All funds received by an NGO must be used only for the purpose for which they were received. Such funds must not be used in speculative activities identified under the Act. Except with the prior approval of the Authority, such funds must not be given or transferred to any entity not registered under the Act or having prior approval under the Act. Every asset purchased with such fund must be in the name of the NGO and not its office bearers or members. Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) aims to consolidate and amend the law relating to foreign exchange with the objective of facilitating external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India. A transaction under FEMA is called a fee or a salary while the same
Secularism in India
Secularism in India Secularism refers to Separation of Religion from the state. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices. With the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India enacted in 1976, the Preamble to the Constitution asserted that India is a secular nation. It separated the power of religion and the power of the state. Relevant constitutional provisions pertaining to Secularism Fundamental rights Article 14: Equality before law. Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc. Article 21: Protection of life and personal property. Article 25: Freedom of consigns and free profession, practise, and propagation of religion. Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs. Article 27: freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. Article 28: freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. Articl2 29: Protection of interest of minorities. Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institution. Directive Principles of State Policy Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizens. Article 48: Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry. Article 51 A: Fundamental duties Clause (e): To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all people of India transcending religious linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. Clause (f): To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture How state prevents domination by the religious group. 1. State should be non-theocratic:- A state must not be run by the heads of any particular religion. A state governed directly by a priestly order is called theocratic. For example- the Papal States of Europe in the Medieval period, Taliban controlled states in recent times. For this, states should have a separation from religion at the primary level, but this is not sufficient. 2. States should have no formal, legal alliance with any religion:- Many non-theocratic states have a close alliance with a particular religion. For example- England in the 17th century was not run by a priestly class but clearly favoured the Anglican Church and its members. England had an established Anglican religion, which was the official religion of the states. Today Pakistan has an official state religion, namely Islam. Such regimes may leave little scope for internal dissent on religious equality. Read Also New Industrial Policy-2018 Two modes of secularism 1.Western secularism All secular states have one thing in common, they are neither theocratic nor do they establish a religion. Features of the Western concept of secularism: State and religion have a separate sphere of its own, with independent jurisdiction i.e. Mutual exclusion of state and religion, the principled distance of state from religion and no illegitimate intrusion of religion in the state. The state cannot aid any religious institutions. The state cannot hinder the activities of religious communities as long as they are within the broad limits set up by the law of the land. For example – if religious women forbid a woman from becoming a priest, then the states cannot do anything. Like this, if a particular religion forbids the entry of some of its members in the sanctum of its temple, then the states have no option but to let the matter rest exactly where it is. Drawbacks: Such states focus on intra-religious domination by the strict separation of state from religion to realise among other things individual freedoms, issues of inter-religious (and therefore minority rights) equality are often neglected. This model leaves no scope for the idea of the state-supported religious reforms. 2. Indian Secularism Nehru’s view was – “Equal protection by the state to all religion“. He wanted a secular state to be one that “protects all religions but does not favour one at the expense of others and does not itself adopt any religion as the state religion.” Indian secularism is fundamentally different from western secularism. It does not focus only on Church-State separation and the idea of inter-religious equality is crucial to the Indian conception. Features There was already a culture of inter-religious ‘tolerance’ in India. Tolerance is compatible with religious domination. It may allow some space to everyone but such freedom is usually limited. The advent of western modernity, brought to the notice, neglected and marginalized notions of equality in Indian thought. It ushered ideas of inter-community equality to replace the notion of hierarchy. Its operation is done through three factors- Scientific and rational education, Legislation, social reforms, Urbanization and industrialization. So, Indian secularism took on a distinct form as a result of an interaction between what already existed in a society that had religious diversity and the ideas that came from the west. It resulted in an equal focus on intra-religious and inter-religious domination. Major concerns regarding Secularism: The grievance of the majority Hindus that rules, regulations and restrictions are applicable only to their religious institutions. Non-implementation of the uniform civil code. Appeasement of radical and orthodox Muslim elements by the passage of Muslim Women’s Divorce Act. Propagation of religion and large scale religious conversions by Muslims and Christians especially in the tribal belts and among poor people. Provision of unjustified protection to minority educational institutions. Thus, we can conclude that India is totally secular constitutionally but socially it is not. UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies 1 (GS 1 ) Questions UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies 2 (GS 2 ) Questions UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies 3 (GS 3 ) Questions UPSC Mains 2019 General Studies 4 (GS 4 ) Questions Measures to make India truly Secular : Separation of religion from politics Suitable legislation has to be immediately passed to separate religion from politics. Right to propagate religion There is considerable controversy over placing Right to propagate religion as a fundamental right. In this area, there have been many verdicts delivered by the Supreme Court and the High Court all of which have
Biomining
Biomining Biomining can be defined as the extraction of minerals from ores by using microorganisms. The microorganisms actually facilitate the extraction of metals from sulfide or iron-containing ores. Metals solubilization process is involved in biomining and it is a combination of microbiology and chemistry. Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) to degrade the environmental contaminants into less toxic or nontoxic forms Methods of biomining Bioleaching: A classic method of biomining. In this method, low-grade ore is dumped into a heap called leach pile and then soaked with a weak sulfuric acid wash. Then acid reacts with the ores sulfide matrix and encourages the growth of bacterial strain which starts to degrade ore and releases minerals or metals in fluid form. Bio-oxidation: it is widely used for the extraction of gold from ores. This process involves exposing the ore to bacterial oxidation which degrades the insoluble pyrite and arsenic components as it is a precious metal only removal of interfering metal sulfides from ore. Actually, bio-oxidation leaves metal in solid phase and solution is discarded. Common metals: Metals for which this technique is employed included Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Uranium, Gold and Silver. Read Also Mukurthi National Park Biomining in solid waste management It can be used to clear oil spills in sea and pollution from the soil, groundwater, surface water and air. In GURUGRAM Haryana this technique has been effectively use to clear hills of garbage without any ill-effects. Also with zero emission of harmful gases(Methane, Hydrogen sulphide and ammonia ) and Leachate. It can be used for wastewater treatment to industrial waste. It can be used for hydrocarbon contamination (PCB, Pentachlorophenol, and Trichloroethylene etc.). It can be used for storage tanks and pipes, landfills and pesticides and herbicides. It can be used for the treatment of agriculture chemical waste (like thiazine and DDT) and inorganic like (Uranium, sulphur etc.). Read Also Lokpal and Lokayukta Benefits It allows us to recycle resources by extracting useful components from the waste such as metal, as compost in fertilizer etc. If some of the Heavy metals are not degraded it can produce toxic compound and these compound can create health hazard like asthma, lungs cancer etc. Normal Processes of incineration requires a lot of energy whereas these processes do not need energy at all. These processes can be in situ and ex-situ. It is Eco-friendly and environmentally sustainable also after using this technique we can use the contaminated land for other purposes. Disadvantage Limited to bio-degradable compound. Not instantaneous. Factors must be maintained as it is highly specific. Products may be more persistent or toxic than the parent compound. Conclusion Our constitution provides us Right to health(Article 21, Article 48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife etc. and regarding this government has come up with Solid Waste Management Rules 2016. They experimented Bioremediation and Biomining in many cities in recent years under Raaginii Jaain, a national expert on the Government of India’s Swachh Bharat Mission, has developed a rapid bioremediation process for old dumps as well as new dumps in Nagpur, Gurugram, Gandhidham etc. and the result was very exciting. Though these techniques will take a little longer time, it is environment-friendly. We should use it on a large scale and plan it in all of our schemes such as Smart Cities, AMRUT, HRIDAY and Swach Bharat Mission Read Also P-8I Patrol Aircraft Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. Join Now
