Amur Falcons
Amur Falcons Amur falcons are known to breed in southeast Russia and northern China and migrate west through India and across the Arabian Sea to southern Africa where they spend their winters, making a round-trip of at least 20,000 km every year, traveling between their breeding and wintering grounds. This arduous journey includes a non-stop flight over the Arabian Sea after passing across India. The resilient falcons arrive in large numbers, during October in Nagaland and a few other places in northeastern India. As tens of thousands of Amur falcons came to roost in Pangti on the way to South Africa, Somalia, and Kenya, they were targeted by local hunters. Over thousands of the raptors were harvested every day for sale and consumption. Amur falcon range map In 2012 an estimated 120,000 to 140,000 birds were trapped in nets and killed while passing through a remote part of the Indian Nagaland region. This prompted a swift response from the Indian Government and the Naga land Forest Department, which used patrols and education initiatives for villagers as a means to halt trapping. In 2013, no falcons were trapped. The Amur Falcon exemplifies the threat of illegal trapping and killing during migration, which harms countless bird species each year. Besides this, the birds are prone to habitat loss from agricultural practices and land reclamation. Only international cooperation from organisations and governments working together will help preserve these species as they become increasingly vulnerable. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey.Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help contact us
National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)
National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) The Government of India along with participation from institutional investors such as ADIA and leading Indian private financial institutions. A collaborative investment platform focused on Indian infrastructure with best-in-class governance and a strong team with Indian and international experience in infrastructure investing. The Indian government has a 49% stake in NIIF with the rest held by foreign and domestic investors. With the Centre’s significant stake, NIIF is considered India’s quasi-sovereign wealth fund. Objectives: Commercial Collaborative Sustainable Significance: NIIFL through its funds will invest in operating assets, greenfield projects and anchor third party managed funds in core infrastructure and related segments. With USD 3 billion commitment from GOI along with commitments from other institutional investors, NIIF has the ability to operate at scale whilst providing long term and patient capital. It intends to be a key channel of investment into Indian infrastructure with a focus on transportation (roads, ports and airports), energy, urban planning and other infrastructure and allied segments. The Government of India as well as its global and domestic investors, while at the same time allowing for commercial and independent decision making by the Investment Manager. The Board has primary responsibility for NIIFL’s activities and meets periodically for the establishment and review of NIIF’s overall strategy, but it does not involve itself in investment or operational decisions. NIIF’s Executive Committee comprising of the Senior management of NIIFL including its Managing Director and CEO has the responsibility for the implementation of NIIF’s strategy and operations, including all decisions related to investments. Investment decisions are based solely on commercial objectives in order to deliver sustained ard (CPPIB) long-term financial returns. Canada’s largest pension fund Canada Pension Plan Investment Board agreed to invest about $600 million in National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) through the NIIF Master Fund. With CPPIB’s investment, NIIF Master Fund now has $2.1 billion in commitments and has achieved its initially targeted fund size. NIIF currently manages three funds each with its distinctive investment mandate. The funds are registered as Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). NIIF Master Fund NIIF Master Fund achieved its third and fourth close of USD 500 million and USD 150 million in August 2019 and December 2019 respectively with contributions from Ontario Teachers Pension Fund, AustralianSuper, and Canadian Pension Plan Investment Board. The Master Fund continues fundraising activities by exercising its green-shoe option and is in discussions with few sovereign wealth funds, large pension funds and a few other institutional investors. NIIF Fund of Funds: NIIF FOF has entered into definitive agreements with the Asian Development Bank. The FOF is in discussions for further fundraising for its subsequent closes. NIIF Strategic Fund: NIIF Strategic Fund was set up in October 2018. NIIF Strategic Fund has initiated discussions for raising further capital. Alternative Investment Fund ( AIF): It means any fund established or incorporated in India which is a privately pooled investment vehicle that collects funds from sophisticated investors, whether Indian or foreign, for investing it in accordance with a defined investment policy for the benefit of its investors. Alternative Investment Fund is described under Regulation 2(1)(b) of the Regulation Act, 2012 of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Generally, high net worth individuals and institutions invest in Alternative Investment Funds as it requires a high investment amount, unlike Mutual Funds. Alternative Investment Fund comprises pooled investment funds that invest in venture capital, private equity, hedge funds, managed futures, etc. Most alternative investment assets are held by institutional investors or accredited, high-net-worth individuals because of their complex nature, lack of regulation, and degree of risk. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
New Development Bank
New Development Bank At the fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi (2012), the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa considered the possibility of setting up a new Development Bank to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing countries. During the sixth BRICS Summit in Fortaleza (2014), the leaders signed the Agreement establishing the New Development Bank (NDB). Significance of New Development Bank The daily passenger traffic along the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut corridor of the National Capital Region is 0.69 million. Of this, around 63% use private vehicles. Due to traffic congestion, the time taken to transit between Delhi and Meerut is about 3 to 4 hours. Also, the traffic congestion in the route is adding to the air pollution in the NCR region. Thus, it is essential to implement the Rapid Transit System Project. India asked the New Development Bank (NDB) to enhance the emergency facilities to $10 billion to deal with the challenges posed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The country appreciated the efforts of the multilateral lending agency on fast-tracking of financial assistance of about $5 billion to BRICS countries, including emergency assistance of $1 billion to India to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Lauding efforts of the NDB in establishing itself as a credible Global Financial Institution, India said it should take appropriate actions to join G-20 forum along with other Multilateral Development Bank (MDBs)/ International Financial Institutions (IFIs). Objectives: Fostering the development of member countries. Supporting economic growth. Promoting competitiveness and facilitating job creation. Building a knowledge-sharing platform among developing countries. Multi theme. Clean energy Social Infrastructure Environmental efficiency Urban development Irrigation, water resources and sanitation management Transport infrastructure Regional rapid transit system: The Regional Rapid Transit System connects the fastest-developing small towns in the National Capital Region. The main objective of the project is to reduce the dependence on Roadways. It is being implemented by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation. Initiatives taken: Announcement of a scheme of social support measures amounting to $25 billion (Rs 1.70 lakh crore) to alleviate the hardship of the poor and the vulnerable. Insurance cover of $67,000 (Rs 50 lakh) per person to over 2.2 million frontline health workers and others provision of relief to firms in statutory and regulatory compliance matters. Creating a COVID-19 Emergency Fund Allocation of $2 billion (Rs 15,000 crore) by the government for strengthening the healthcare system. To fulfill its purpose, the Bank supports public or private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments The NDB is building a robust and diversified portfolio of sustainable infrastructure projects, in order to fulfill its mandate and achieve strategic objectives. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey.Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
Abhayam App
Abhayam App Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister YS Jagan Mohan Reddy launched ABHAYAM Passenger App for the safety of women and girls traveling in cabs and auto-rickshaws. AP is the first state in the country to pass the Disha Act in the Legislative Assembly and Disha police stations were established in every district for the welfare of women,” women police have also been appointed in each village/ward secretariats across the state. The Abhayam app can be used for women to travel safely in autos and cabs and the device will be installed in autos and cabs across the state. The Abhayam App will be monitored by the Transport Department. The total cost of this project is estimated at Rs 138.48 Crore, where the Central government has allocated Rs 80.09 crore to the State under the Nirbhaya scheme. The state government has to allocate Rs 55.39 crore as its share. The Department of Transport aims to complete the project by November next year by phasing out tracking devices for luxury vehicles in the state. Initially, the Internet of Things (IoT) devices will be set up in a thousand autos in Visakhapatnam. After that, it will be implemented in Tirupati. Tracking devices will be installed in commercial vehicles. Read Also Polavaram Project Abhayam App – How it Works These IoT devices will be set up on Monday initially in thousand autos. The devices will be installed in 5,000 vehicles by February, 1, 50,000 vehicles by July 1 and 1 lakh vehicles by November 31 next year. The installation project will be conducted until 2025. Those traveling in autos and cabs need to install the ‘Abhayam’ mobile application on their mobile. Once they enter the vehicle, they have to scan the QR code affixed to the vehicle before boarding the vehicle. After the scan is done, the driver’s photo and vehicle details will be sent to the mobile. Women who use smartphones can find out the whereabouts of their vehicle by GPS by sending the relevant vehicle number from the mobile app if they encounter any difficulties in their journey. Passengers who do not have a “smartphone” can notify the Command Control Center by pressing the panic button on the IoT device attached to the vehicle. Once the message is passed the Cab/auto stops immediately. That immediately sends information to nearby police officers and arrests. Radio Frequency Identity Technology (RFID) cards are fitted to drivers’ licenses after IoT-based boxes are fitted to autos and cabs. These RFID license cards can be initiated by swiping them on the IoT box fitted at the engines when the autos start. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey.Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope – GMRT
GIANT METREWAVE RADIO TELESCOPE NCRA, a centre of the school of natural sciences of the TIFR, has set up a unique facility, the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope for radio astronomical research at metre wavelengths. GMRT is a very versatile instrument for investigating a variety of radio astrophysical problems ranging from nearby Solar system to the edge of observable Universe. The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) has been selected as a ‘Milestone’ facility by the U.S.-based Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), which is the world’s largest technical professional organisation dedicated to advancing technology in all areas related to electrical and electronics engineering. Considering the global impact of GMRT with users from over 40 countries and the fact that it was designed and built entirely in India, the IEEE’s India office and its Pune branch had initiated the proposal to nominate GMRT for this recognition. “The GMRT has produced important discoveries in domains such as pulsars, supernovae, galaxies, quasars, and cosmology, greatly enhancing our understanding of the Universe.” “It is also a fitting tribute to the late Prof. Govind Swarup, who was the driving force behind the GMRT, and all the team members whose efforts over the last 30 years or so made the GMRT a reality, culminating in the successful upgrade of the facility. Significance of Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope: NCRA has set up a unique facility for radio astronomical research using the metre wavelengths range of the radio spectrum, known as the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), it is located at a site about 80 km north of Pune. GMRT consists of 30 fully steerable gigantic parabolic dishes of 45m diameter each spread over distances of upto 25 km. GMRT is one of the most challenging experimental programmes in basic sciences undertaken by Indian scientists and engineers. GMRT is an indigenous project. The construction of 30 large dishes at a relatively small cost has been possible due to an important technological breakthrough achieved by Indian Scientists and Engineers in the design of light-weight, low-cost dishes. The design is based on what is being called the `SMART’ concept – for Stretch Mesh Attached to Rope Trusses. Apart from the novel low-cost design of the parabolic dishes, the instrument has state-of-the-art electronics systems developed indigenously and consisting of the following main sub units. Antenna feeds at six different frequency bands between 50 MHz and 1500 MHz, having good polarization characteristics as well as simultaneous multiband operation. Low-noise amplifiers, local oscillator synthesizers, mixers, IF amplifiers. Optical fibres linking the entire array with the CEB. These are used both for the telemetry signals and local oscillator phase reference communication between the CEB and each antenna base. A digital 2,30,000-channel FX-type correlator providing upto 128 spectral channels and covering a maximum bandwidth of 32 MHz Ojectives: To detect the highly redshifted spectral line of neutral Hydrogen expected from protoclusters or protogalaxies before they condensed to form galaxies in the early phase of the Universe and To search for and study rapidly-rotating Pulsars in our galaxy. Goals of GMRT: Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Sources : Because of its large collecting area and wide frequency coverage, GMRT will be an invaluable and highly versatile instrument for studying many other problems at the frontiers of astrophysics. Pulsars and Neutron Stars : GMRT should also be an ideal instrument for the study of Pulsars (rapidly rotating neutron stars with extremely high densities of about 200 million tons per cubic cm). Epoch of Galaxy Formation : Theories of the formation of structure in the Big-Bang Universe predict the presence of proto galaxies or proto clusters of galaxies made up of clouds of neutral Hydrogen gas before their gravitational condensation into galaxies. Read Notes by UPSC Topper Ravisankar Sarma Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. These agents are typically found in nature, but it is possible that they could be changed to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines, or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment. Bioterrorism agents are classified as categories A, B, and C Category A Category B Category C High-priority agents include organisms that pose a risk to national security because they can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person, result in high mortality rates, and have the potential for major public health impact. They might cause public panic and social disruption, and require special action for public health preparedness. The second highest priority agents include those that are moderately easy to disseminate, result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates, and require specific enhancements of CDC’s diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance. The third highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of availability, ease of production and dissemination, and potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact. Agents/diseases include anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin), plague (Yersinia pestis), smallpox (Variola major), tularemia (Francisella tularensis), and viral hemorrhagic fevers [filoviruses (e.g. Ebola, Marburg) and arenaviruses (e.g. Lassa, Machupo)]. Agents/diseases include brucellosis (Brucella species), epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, food safety threats (e.g., Salmonella species, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella), glanders (Burkholderia mallei), melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei), psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci), Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii), viral encephalitis [alphaviruses (e.g. Venezuelan equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis)], and water safety threats (e.g. Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidium parvum). Agents include emerging infectious diseases such as Nipah virus and Hanta virus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (multidrug-resistant strains). Newer trends are products of microbes that can kill or incapacitate targeted hosts, e.g. hormones, neuropeptides, cytokines called as “designer substances” to target a particular organ or type of enemy. Others are “ethnic bombs” and parasite biological weapons under trial to affect cash crops. Countermeasures For Bioterrorism Deterrence (certainty of being punished for the act perpetrated: To strengthen the area of biodefense, the US senate passed the “Bioterrorism Act of 2002.” According to this law, there is an essential element of national preparedness against bioterrorism and the focus is on safety of drugs, food, and water from biological agents and toxins. However, we in India are still waiting for a law on bioterrorism. Prevention (reducing the opportunity, enhanced intelligence): Currently, there is a lacuna in international legislations and treaties to curb or prevent biological weapons’ attacks. Launched in 2004 under the aegis of a $1 million grant from the US-based Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Interpol held its first “Interpol Global Conference on Preventing Bioterrorism” at its headquarters on 1-2 March 2005. The March conference sought to “examine the risk of bioterror attacks, case studies, prevention of attacks, preparation and training of law enforcement personnel, and the related legal and political framework.” Surveillance and assessment (early detection or awareness) by epidemiological methods: public health authorities must implement surveillance systems so that they can recognize patterns of non-specific syndromes that could indicate the early manifestations of a biological warfare attack. 1.Harnessing information, which are considered to be epidemiologic clues of a possible biological warfare Epidemiologic clues of a biologic warfare or terrorist attack. 2.Verification, immunization, and confirmation 3.Initiation of appropriate prevention and control measures Laboratory investigation for diagnosis and characterization/sensitivity of the biological organism: The main role of the hospital-based clinical microbiology laboratory in support of a biothreat, biocrime, or act of bioterrorism is to “raise suspicion” when a targeted agent is suspected in a human specimen. It should be prepared to recognize and respond to a covert event involving the collection, preservation, transport, and testing of human specimens. Medical management (preventive, promotive, and curative services): Medicines and vaccine to be provided; the category of population to be given chemoprophylaxis/immunoprophylaxis identified; availability of the requisite quantity of drugs or vaccine; and outline of the mechanism of administration with health infrastructure. Dissemination (public safety and law enforcing agencies): Warning network such as hospitals and public health agencies Individual clinical expertise of medical personnel Way forward: To create awareness among the public and doctors; To stock pile drugs and vaccines; allocation of separate funds; Preparedness: this is not a cause for panic–it is a cause for serious, Deliberate long-term concern; International collaboration Microbiologists are the main focal points of action because the biological weapons are the products of their specialty To meet the challenge of bioterrorism, coordinated and concerted efforts of different agencies, viz. the intelligence agency, the army, the BSF, SSB, law enforcement machinery, health departments most importantly (surveillance, laboratory response network, alertness of medical and paramedical faculties), civil administration, etc. are required Read also FATF Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey.Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. 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Mission Olympic Cell
Mission Olympic Cell Mission Olympic Cell is a body set up by the Sports Authority of India to select athletes who are to get assistance under the Target Olympic Podium Scheme. Mission Olympic Cell has approved a one-month training camp in the U.S.A for wrestler Bajrang Punia, one of India’s biggest medal hopes at the Tokyo Olympics. The camp will take place from December 4 to January 3 at Cliff Keen Wrestling Club, Michigan, at an approximate cost of ₹14 lakhs. Bajrang, who has been training at the SAI Sonepat centre after the resumption of training camps post the coronavirus lockdown, will travel to the U.S.A with his coach Emzarios Bentinidis and physio Dhananjay. He will get to train with top international wrestlers under head coach, Sergei Beloglazov, who is a two-time Olympic champion. Bajrang has already qualified for the Tokyo Olympics after earning a quota at the 2019 World Championships. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
Menace of Manual Scavenging
Manual Scavenging – Menace The practice of manually cleaning excrement from private and public dry toilets and open drains persists in several parts of South Asia. Across much of India, consistent with centuries-old feudal and caste-based custom, women from communities that traditionally worked as “manual scavengers,” still collect human waste on a daily basis, load it into cane baskets or metal troughs, and carry it away on their heads for disposal at the outskirts of the settlement. India’s central government since independence in 1947 has adopted legislative and policy efforts to end manual scavenging. Legal Framework Against Manual Scavenging Indian Parliament passed The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 (the 2013 Act), committing itself yet again to ending manual scavenging. Seven months later, on March 27, 2014, the Indian Supreme Court held that India’s constitution requires state intervention to end manual scavenging and “rehabilitate” all people engaged in the practice. This meant not only ending the practice but also ending the abuses faced by communities engaged in manual scavenging. Reasons: Don’t have adequate tools and protective gear to clean the manhole. The practice of scavenging is linked to India’s caste system where so-called lower castes were expected to perform this job. Issue Due to Outsourcing Indifferent Attitude Innitiatives: India’s Supreme Court has ruled that the practice of scavenging violates international human rights law, including protections found in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). India is also a party to other international conventions that reinforce obligations to end scavenging. The machine launched by Sulabh injects high pressure water into the tunnels and tanks and then collects the waste with a mechanical bucket operated from ground level. Way Forward: Difficult to eliminate manual scavenging in a system that operates at the intersection of caste, and economic inequality. Empowering Local Administration Social Sentisitation Proper Identification Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. join now
Bru Tribals
Bru Tribals Bru tribals from Mizoram, living as refugees in Tripura since 1997, were allowed to permanently settle in Tripura. The agreement, allowing 30,000 Bru tribals to permanently settle in Tripura, took 20 years and nine attempts in the making and was signed between the Centre, the state governments of Tripura and Mizoram. The Brus–spread across Tripura, Mizoram, and parts of southern Assam–are the most populous tribe in Tripura. Also known as Reangs in the state, they are ethnically different from the Mizos, with their own distinct language and dialect, and form one of the 21 scheduled tribes of Tripura. While Mizoram has as many as 40,000 Brus living in the state, in Tripura, their numbers stand at approximately 32,000, spread across six refugee camps in the state. In 1997, roughly half the Bru population fled to Tripura, following violent clashes with the Mizo population, which led to the Brus’ demand for an Autonomous District Council (ADC), under the 6th Schedule of the Constitution, in western Mizoram, where they were the more dominant lot, outnumbering the ethnic Mizo population. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey.Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
Cyclone Nivar
Cyclone Nivar Cyclone Nivar : A cyclone is a general term for a weather system in which winds rotate inwardly to an area of low atmospheric pressure. For large weather systems, the circulation pattern is in a counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and a clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. As per the guidelines of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), it is necessary for countries to name cyclones in their regions. This makes it easier for media and government to identify the cyclone and raise awareness regarding it. There were several names suggested for this cyclone like Nisarga was listed by Bangladesh while India’s suggestion was Gati. However, eventually, the name Nivar or Nivara was finally chosen from Iran’s list. Impact of Cyclone Nivar: The main threats after Cyclone Nivar’s landfall are likely to be flooding, swollen rivers, lightning, the collapse of kutcha houses, and fallen trees due to gale winds. A power outage is also possible due to potential damage near the coastal areas. Isolated extremely heavy rains are also very likely over coastal and north interior Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, particularly the districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Chennai, Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, Myladuthirai, Ariyalur, Perambalur, Kallakurchi, Villupuram, Tiruvannamalai, Puducherry, and Karaikal . Andhra Pradesh’s Nellore and Chittoor districts will also experience isolated extremely heavy falls. Landfall: The storm moving over the land after its intensification in the ocean (heat source). Therefore, a cyclone is said to make landfall when the centre of the storm (eye) moves across the coast. The tropical cyclones are usually formed in warmer seas. As per the US National Hurricane Centre definition, it is ‘the intersection of the surface centre of a tropical cyclone with a coastline’. The strongest winds of the cyclone are not at the centre, but at the immediate surroundings of the eye of the storm—usually stronger on one side of the centre. Therefore, very high wind speed can be experienced over the land area when the cyclone is near the land, even when it does not make landfall. It can be vice versa too, where the cyclone can make landfall but leave the strongest wind over the ocean. The landfall usually brings with it high-speed winds, severe storm surge and torrential downpour, all of which can have a severe impact on the region. IMD: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) is an agency of the Ministry of Earth Sciences of the Government of India. It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has released a list with the names of 169 tropical cyclones that are likely to emerge over the north Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. WMO: WMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with 193 Member States and Territories. It is the UN system’s authoritative voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with the land and oceans, the weather and climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources. The WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones (PTC) at its 27th Session held in 2000 in Muscat, Oman agreed in principle to assign names to the tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. This list contained names proposed by the eight-member countries of WMO/ESCAP PTC, viz., Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand The requirement for a fresh list of tropical cyclones including representation from five new member countries: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen (total 13 member countries) was tabled during the 45th session of WMO/ESCAP, held in September 2018. The session was hosted by Oman. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey.Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
