Rural Non-Farm Sector
Rural Non-Farm Sector The Rural Non-Farm Sector (RNFS) encompasses all non-agriculture activities: mining and quarrying, household and non-household manufacturing, processing, etc. According to different international studies on India’s labour market, between 2011 and 2015, the number of agriculture jobs fell by 26 million while non-farm ones rose by 33 million. The top four sectors contributing to the non-farm jobs between financial years 2011 and 2015 are Trade and Hospitality(15.6 per cent), Construction(14.3 per cent), Transport(5.7 per cent) and Education and Health(1.6 per cent). Trends in employment status in rural labour force (male + female) by sector Importance of Rural Non-Farm Sector: The non-farm sector, particularly in rural areas is being accorded wide recognition in recent years for the following reasons: Employment growth in the farm sector has not been in consonance with employment growth in general. A planned strategy of rural non-farm development may prevent many rural people from migrating to urban industrial and commercial centers. When the economic base of the rural economy extends beyond agriculture, rural-urban economic gaps are bound to get narrower along with salutary effects in many other aspects associated with the life and aspirations of the people. Rural industries are generally less capital-intensive and more labour absorbing. Rural industrialization has significant spin-offs for agricultural development as well. Rural income distribution is much less unequal in areas where a wide network of non-farm avenues of employment exists; the lower strata of rural societies participate Distribution of major Non-agricultural establishments in rural India during 2005 Strengths: Institutional basis for rural non-farm sector: In India, the institutions underlying the development of the rural non-farm sector are very strong. These include secure property rights; a well-developed financial system with preferential access to credit for the sector; supporting institutions such as the KVIC, State Khadi Board, NHHDC, Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), State industrial corporations; policies and programs promoting linkages with agriculture, especially agro-industries; domestic marketing channels for rural nonfarm production; as well as government support in export promotion. The institutional mechanisms for a rapid growth of the rural nonfarm sector are already in place. Decentralization process: Over the last two decades the State governments in India have been able to exercise far more independence in decision-making than in the pre-1980 period. Regional parties are an integral part in coalition governments at the Center. In turn, they have negotiated economic autonomy in the formation of state specific policies for development. Moreover, with the opening up of the economy in 1991, foreign direct investment (FDI) has come to play an important role in the overall policy environment. State governments are in competition with one another to attract higher FDI levels both in manufacturing and infrastructure. In some ways, it mirrors the path followed by China, although the volume of FDI coming to India is less than 10 percent of what is flowing into China. On the positive side, however, this creates an opportunity for higher levels of investment in the future. Distribution of enterprises in rural India during 1998 and 2005 Challenges: Infrastructure Regulatory restrictions on small-scale sector Quality of manpower Forward and backward linkages Migration of skilled laborers Education and Awareness Government Innitiatives: Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana (AGEY) Development of Rural Tourism Deendayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushal Yojana Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Way Forward More livelihood and poverty alleviation programmes will bring in more participation in the nonfarm activities, thus reducing the dependence on agriculture. To improve the marketing links between the village entrepreneurs and the larger business firms located in the towns/cities. China’s TVEs Model Need to be focused on may include human resource development, financial/credit facilities, research and development and women’s participation with a view to making the activities self-sustaining in the changing competitive environment. Supply Chain Integration Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
Rupay Card
Rupay Card India signed an agreement with Saudi Arabia on October 29, 2019, to launch the Rupay card in the country. An MoU was signed to formalize the same between the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and Saudi Payments. The Prime Ministers of India and Bhutan had jointly launched Phase-I of the project during the State Visit of the Prime Minister to Bhutan in August 2019. The implementation of Phase-I of RuPay cards in Bhutan has enabled visitors from India to access ATMs and Point of Sale (PoS) terminals across Bhutan. This would make Saudi Arabia the third Gulf nation to initiate India’s digital payment system. The move is expected to benefit the Indian population living in the nation and also the various Haj and Umrah pilgrims. The Rupay card has already been launched by India in four countries– UAE, Bahrain, Singapore, and Bhutan. Phase-II will now allow Bhutanese cardholders to access the RuPay network in India. India and Bhutan share a special partnership, anchored in mutual understanding and respect, reinforced by a shared cultural heritage and strong people to people links. The RuPay card is the first-of-its-kind Indian domestic debit and credit card payment network. It is accepted at ATMs, POS devices as well as various e-commerce websites. The payments card was launched in 2012 by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). It was created to fulfill the RBI’s vision of having a domestic, open, and multilateral system of payments. It was formally dedicated to India by the then Indian President Pranab Mukherjee in May 2014. Initially, the card was tentatively referred to as India Pay The NPCI created the card as an alternative to Mastercard and Visa cards. In India, almost 90 percent of the credit and debit card transactions are domestic. Hence, RBI in its vision document of 2009-12 had highlighted that there is a need for such a payment system, as the Indian banks have to bear the high cost of affiliation with international The Rupay card enables electronic payment at all Indian banks and financial institutions. The cost per transaction is low with Rupay card in comparison to the foreign card schemes. The payment system is also highly secure and protects users against cyberhacks.nal card association schemes like Visa and Mastercard.
Rafale Aircraft
The Rafale are India’s first major acquisition of fighter planes in 23 years after the Sukhoi jets were imported from Russia. Introduced in 2001, the Rafale is a French twin-engine and multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation being produced for both the French Air Force and for carrier-based operations in the French Navy. India has inked a Rs 59,000-crore deal in 2016 to procure 36 Rafale jets from French aerospace major Dassault Aviation after a nearly seven-year exercise to procure 126 Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) for the Indian Air Force did not fructify. All the 36 jets will be delivered to India by the end of 2021. The Rafale jets has SCALP, the air-to-ground cruise missile with a range of over 300 km. It is a long-range deep strike missile.
Sub Categorization of Backward Classes
Sub Categorization of Backward Classes Presently, half of these 1,900-odd castes have availed less than three per cent of reservation in jobs and education, and the rest availed zero benefits during the last five years. The central government had appointed the Commission under Justice (Retd) G Rohini in October, 2017. Significance: The Commission was constituted under article 340 of the Constitution with the approval of President on 2nd October, 2017. The Commission, headed by Justice (Retd.) Smt. G. Rohini commenced functioning on 11th October, 2017 and has since interacted with all the States/UTs which have subcategorized OBCs, and the State Backward Classes Commissions. The Commission has come to the view that it would require some more time to submit its report since the repetitions, ambiguities, inconsistencies and errors of spelling or transcription etc. appearing in the existing Central List of OBCs need to be cleared. Hence the Commission had sought extension of its term, up to 31st July 2020. However, due to the nationwide lockdown and restrictions on travel imposed on account of COVID-19 pandemic, the Commission was not able to go perform the task assigned to it. Therefore, the term of the Commission is being extended for a period of 6 more months i.e. up to 31.1.2021. To examine the extent of inequitable distribution of benefits of reservation among the castes or communities included in the broad category of Other Backward Classes with reference to such classes included in the Central List; To work out the mechanism, criteria, norms and parameters in a scientific approach for sub-categorisation within such Other Backward Classes; and To take up the exercise of identifying the respective castes or communities or sub-castes or synonyms in the Central List of Other Backward Classes and classifying them into their respective sub-categories. Arguments against sub-categorisation: The argument is that the test or requirement of social and educational backwardness cannot be applied to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The special treatment is given to the SCs due to untouchability with which they suffer. In a 1976 case, State of Kerala v N M Thomas, the Supreme Court laid down that “Scheduled Castes are not castes, they are class.” In the Jarnail Singh case, the court held that the objective of reservation is to ensure that all backward classes march hand in hand and that will not be possible if only a select few get all the coveted services of the government. Impact including employment generation potential: The Communities in the existing list of OBCs which have not been able to get any major benefit of the scheme of reservation for OBCs for appointment in Central Government posts and for admission in Central Government Educational Institutions are expected to be benefitted upon implementation of the recommendations of the Commission. The Commission is likely to make recommendations for benefit of such marginalized communities in the Central List of OBCs. Read Also Himalayan trillium Expenditure: The expenditure involved are related to the establishment and administration costs of the Commission, which would continue to be borne by the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment. Benefits: All persons belonging to the castes/communities which are included in the Central List of SEBCs but which have not been able to get any major benefit of the existing scheme of reservation for OBCs in Central Government posts & for admission in Central Government Educational Institutions would be benefitted. Implementation schedule: Orders for extension of the term of the Commission and addition in its Terms of Reference will be notified in the Gazette in the form of an Order made by the President, after receipt of the approval of the Hon’ble President to the same. “The constitutional goal of social transformation cannot be achieved without taking into account changing social realities,” the court ruled. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
Jal Shakti Abhiyan
Jal Shakti Abhiyan The government of India launched Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA), a time-bound campaign with a mission mode approach intended to improve water availability including groundwater conditions in the water-stressed blocks of 256 districts in India. In this regard, teams of officers from Central Government along- with technical officers from the Ministry of Jal Shakti were deputed to visit water-stressed districts and to work in close collaboration with district-level officials to undertake the suitable intervention. Significance: ‘Jal Shakti Abhiyan’—is all set to combat the present health crisis and give a boost to the rural economy through its various components. This year owing to the COVID-19 emergency, and the availability of a large labor force in rural areas, the Abhiyan has started gearing up for the impending monsoon. In a first of its case a Joint Advisory has been issued from the Department of Rural Development, Dept. of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Dept. of Land Resources & Dept of Drinking Water & Sanitation to all the Chief Secretaries of all States/ UTs, in context with the impending monsoon this year and the preparations to be done for water conservation and recharge which is of utmost importance for our country. To promote water conservation and water resource management, five target interventions viz. water conservation & rainwater harvesting, renovation of traditional & other water-bodies/tanks, reuse and recharge of bore-wells, watershed development and intensive afforestation etc implemented during JSA. Huge public awareness vis-à-vis water conservation/harvesting has been generated due to JSA and further, it has been observed that various stakeholders, viz. Government departments/agencies, NGOs, Panchayats, individuals, etc. have started taking steps towards water conservation. National Water Mission: To reduce and study the impact of climate change on water resources and to provide a comprehensive water database in the public domain. Promotion of citizen and state actions for water conservation, augmentation, and preservation. To focus on the vulnerable areas including over-exploited areas and also to increase the water use efficiency by 20%. To promote the management of basin level integrated water resources. Important water conservation interventions: Rainwater harvesting Renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks Reuse bore well recharge structures Watershed development Intensive afforestation. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
International Solar Alliance (ISA)
International Solar Alliance (ISA) The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a joint initiative of France and India, launched during COP21 with the aim of making an unprecedented effort to promote solar energy. The goal of the ISA is to set the ground rules, norms and standards for solar energy, in order to obtain a rapid and massive deployment in countries that are rich in solar resources but where the risks are still seen as high. The ISA is putting in place concrete tools, capacity-building measures and innovative financial instruments. One example is the harmonization of public policies, regulations and prices between the countries, which reduces the uncertainties, strengthens the economic viability of solar projects and reassures the investors. Alliance’s aims: The Alliance seeks to bring about a major decrease in the cost of solar energy so that its deployment can be scaled up in the solar-rich countries located between the two tropics. It therefore has several goals: To bring about a major decrease in the cost of solar energy To meet the high energy demand in developing countries To contribute to the fight against climate change How can these aims be achieved? Establish a political, regulatory and contractual environment that encourages investment in solar energy. Mobilize funding on an international scale. Consolidate the programmes offered by the training, research and innovation network. India’s Role: The Government of India has allotted 5 acres of land to the ISA in National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) campus, Gurugram and has released a sum of Rs. 160 crore, i.e. US$ 26 million for creating a corpus fund, building infrastructure and meeting day to day recurring expenditure of the ISA up to the year 2012-22. As per commitment, India will release additional Rs. 15 crore, i.e. US$ 2.1 million in the year 2020-21. In addition, various Public Sector Enterprises of Government of India have contributed US$ 8 million for augmenting ISA corpus fund. Apart from these, India has set aside US$ 2 Billion for solar projects in Africa out of Government of India’s US$10 Billion concessional Line of Credit (LOC) for Africa. Exim Bank of India is implementing this line of credit in close coordination with ISA countries in Africa. On the 24th September 2019, on the side-lines of the 74th UN General Assembly, India announced allocation of US$ 12 million grant, and a concessional LOC of US$ 150 Million for Pacific Islands Developing States for undertaking solar, renewable energy and climate related projects. France’s role: France uses its diplomatic network to bring the ISA’s priorities to the One Planet Summit, to all of the relevant multilateral bodies (the United Nations Secretary-General’s Climate Summit, COP25, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the Africa Renewable Energy Initiative (AREI), the International Energy Agency (IAE), etc.) and to the multilateral development banks. France also mobilizes the private sector. The Syndicat des Énergies Renouvelables (SER) and MEDEF International, along with their Indian counterparts, co-chair an international committee of chambers of commerce that makes recommendations to the ISA on the conditions that encourage private investment in solar energy. Solar is a key source of affordable and reliable energy, thus it could play a significant role in achieving the universal energy access goal (SDG 7). Best Books for UPSC Preparation Check Now Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
Time use survey, TUS
Time use survey National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) has been conducting socio-economic surveys employing scientific methods since 1950. Time Use Survey (TUS), which will collect data on time dispositions of household members, is an area of survey introduced in response to demands from various stakeholders. The Time Use Survey (TUS) will enable measuring time spent by individuals on different activities. The primary objective of Time Use Survey (TUS) is to measure participation of men, women and other groups of persons in paid and unpaid activities. The survey will be an important source of information on the time spent in unpaid care giving activities, unpaid volunteer work, unpaid domestic service producing activities of the household members. This will also provide information on time spent on learning, socializing, leisure activities, self-care activities, etc. by the household members. The survey will cover the whole of the Indian Union except the villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which are difficult to access. The survey has been conducted from 1st January, 2019. The survey period will be of one year duration and will be divided into four sub-rounds of three months’ duration. Formation of sub-units (SUs) Rural areas: A rural village will be notionally divided into a number of sub-units (SU) of more or less equal population during the preparation of frame. Census 2011 population of villages will be projected by applying suitable growth rates and the number of SUs to be formed in a village will be determined apriori. The above procedure of SU formation will be implemented in the villages with population more than or equal to 1000 as per Census 2011. In the remaining villages, no SU will be formed. However, as a Special case for rural areas of (i) Himachal Pradesh, (ii) Sikkim, (iii) Andaman & Nicobar Islands, (iv) Uttarakhand (except four districts Dehradun, Nainital, Hardwar and Udham Singh Nagar), (v) Punch, Rajouri, Udhampur, Reasi, Doda, Kishtwar, Ramban, Ladakh region (Leh and Kargil districts) of Jammu and Kashmir and (vi) Idukki district of Kerala, numbers of SUs to be formed in a village will be determined in such a way that each SU contains 600 or less projected population. Further, SUs will not be formed in the villages in the above mentioned districts/States with population less than 500 as per Census 2011. For rural parts of Kerala adopted with the modification that the SUs will be formed within Panchayat Wards instead of villages. (II) Urban areas: SUs will be formed in urban sector also. The procedure will be similar to that adopted in rural areas except that SUs will be formed on the basis of households in the UFS frame instead of population since UFS frame does not have population. Each UFS block with number of households more than or equal to 250 will be divided into a number of SUs. In the remaining UFS blocks, no SU will be formed. Read Also Fasal Rahat Yojana Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
Police Commissionerate System
Police Commissionerate System UP govt has approved the commissionerate system of policing state capital Lucknow and Noida . This system gives more responsibilities including magisterial powers to IPS officers of the rank of Inspector general of Police who are posted as Commissioner. Under the 7th Schedule of the Constitution, ‘Police’ is under the State list, meaning individual states typically legislate and exercise control over this subject. Significance: Many states have adopted the commissionerate system at the metropolitan level to facilitate faster decision making in solving complex urban centric issues. According to a BPRD report 61 cities in 15 states had this system in place by January , 2018 . In the arrangement in force at the district level, a ‘dual system’ of control exists, in which the Superintendent of Police (SP) has to work with the District Magistrate (DM) for supervising police administration. At the metropolitan level, many states have replaced the dual system with the commissionerate system, as it is supposed to allow for faster decision-making to solve complex urban-centric issues.’ In the commissionerate system, the Commissioner of Police (CP) is the head of a unified police command structure, is responsible for the force in the city, and is accountable to the state government. The office also has magisterial powers, including those related to regulation, control, and licensing. Sixth National police Commission report released in 1983 had recommended introduction of commissionerate system in cities with a population of 5 lakh and above. Later in 2005 a draft Model Police Act framed by a committee set up by the Union Home Ministry also made similar recommendation saying metro cities and major urban areas with a population of 10 lakhs or more should have a Police Commissioner System. Benefit: Single point of responsibility Unified organisational command Specialisation in training and personnel management Complete clarity on chain of command Accountable to the state government for his performance Challenges: Overlapping Jurisdiction Lack of Public Confidence in Police Giving More Power to Police Way forward: To setting up of a stronger municipal architecture Development of Civil Society As public order and police are part of the State List in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, it is required on part of states to carry out necessary police reforms. Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. CONTACT US
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation-APEC
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation-APEC APEC is the premier Asia-Pacific economic forum.Primary goal is to support sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region. It is regional economic forum of 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. These 21 member countries collectively account for nearly 50% of world’s trade and about 57% of GDP. It was established in 1989 in order to leverage growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific region’s economies and promote free trade in the region. The 21 Members Economies are Australia, Brunei, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chile, Peru, Russian and Vietnam. India is an observer of APEC since 2011 and has applied for its membership. Objectives of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Free and open trade and investment. Promoting and accelerating regional economic integration. Encouraging economic and technical cooperation. Enhancing human security. Facilitating a favorable and sustainable business environment. Core Values: Professionalism – We value a work environment grounded in cooperation and a shared vision. We provide excellent service delivered in an ethical and timely manner. Respect – The Asia-Pacific region is diverse, and so is the APEC Secretariat. We treat everyone with dignity. Integrity – We are entrusted with important work which demands accountability and transparency. We strive to always stay true. We do what we know to be right. How Has the Region Benefited? APEC has grown to become a dynamic engine of economic growth and one of the most important regional forums in the Asia-Pacific. Its 21 member economies are home to around 2.9 billion people and represent approximately 60 percent of world GDP and 48 percent of world trade in 2018. As a result of APEC’s work, growth has soared in the region, with real GDP increasing from USD 19 trillion in 1989 to USD 46.9 trillion in 2018. Meanwhile, residents of the Asia-Pacific saw their per capita income rise by 74 percent, lifting millions out of poverty and creating a growing middle class in less than three decades. Bringing the region closer together, reducing trade barriers, and smoothing out differences in regulations have boosted trade which, in turn, has led to this dramatic increase in prosperity. Average tariffs fell from 17 percent in 1989 to 5.3 per cent in 2018. During that same time period, the APEC region’s total trade increased over seven times—outpacing the rest of the world with two-thirds of this trade occurring between member economies. APEC implements a wide variety of initiatives to help integrate the region’s economies and promote trade while addressing sustainability and social equity. Innitiatives: Promoting Regional Economic Integration and Trade Making it Easier to Trade Across Borders Making it Easier to do Business Faster Customs Procedures Structural Reform Connecting the Region APEC Business Travel Card Inclusive Growth: Ensuring Everyone is On Board Increasing Energy Efficiency and Renewables Green Towns in the Asia-Pacific Enhancing Social Equity in the Region Concerns: The economic rivalry between US and China appeared to have fractured the 21-nation summit into two segments. The source of the friction stemmed from the “America First” policy, under which U.S. led the charge on “unfair trade practices”. This was an implicit accusation that China was not levelling the playing field in global trade. The U.S. has been urging China so far – To increase market access and grant intellectual property protections for American corporations Cut back on industrial subsidies Bringing down the $375-billion trade gap The Belt and Road Initiative of China has worried smaller Asian nations and the U.S., particularly given that China views the Asia-Pacific landscape as a means to secure economic predominance worldwide. It also highlights the key impediments to Indian accession and suggests potential steps that India, APEC, and key APEC economies could consider to tackle these obstacles and build support for Indian membership. The Asia-Pacific region through this “Act East” initiative, and APEC membership would be a major step in that direction. Indian membership in APEC would also bolster India’s economic growth and support its development agenda. Four key steps may help India address concerns regarding its membership in APEC, particularly in the United States: A major breakthrough in India’s domestic economic and/or trade policy, such as a goods and services tax (GST) or land and labor reforms, that sends a strong signal of greater market opening. An accelerated effort to improve the ease of doing business for both foreign and domestic firms. A significant indication of India’s willingness to engage constructively in international negotiations, such as BITs. A vigorous diplomatic effort by the Indian government and key APEC members that supports India’s bid. INDIA AND APEC: APEC’s efforts have focused on simplifying regulatory arrangements; reducing barriers to foreign trade and investment; and, cultivating a culture of economic openness, dialogue, and cooperation. India has long been interested in APEC. It unsuccessfully requested APEC membership in the late 1990s and was subsequently not considered because of a moratorium on new members initiated in 1997. With the moratorium finally lifted in 2010. Integrating an economy the size of India’s would be a major step toward regional connectivity in the Asia-Pacific. India has been an important destination for APEC members’ foreign investment over the past 25 years, with three APEC economies—Singapore, Japan, and the United States—among the top five countries providing FDI inflows into India. An improvement in investment-friendly policies has contributed to India’s becoming the world’s top greenfield FDI destination in the first half of 2015, after being the ninth-largest global FDI recipient in 2014, and the fifteenth largest the previous year. SUPPORTING INDIA’S GROWTH PREPARING INDIA FOR A CHANGING GLOBAL ECONOMY Way Forward: India could take a more proactive approach in its international investment and trade negotiations. India would have to overcome strong domestic protectionist sentiments and build a robust, reliable, long-term domestic constituency for trade reform. APEC might also consider changes to its current decision-making processes to mitigate concerns among current members that expanding membership would dilute the forum’s impact APEC could welcome India as a
Arogya Sanjeevani Policy
Arogya Sanjeevani Policy In a move that helps easy availability of health insurance, the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDA) has introduced a standard health cover policy that must be offered by all general and standalone health insurers. As per the guidelines issued by the IRDAI, every general and standalone health insurer should offer a standard health product, the Arogya Sanjeevani Policy, with a minimum sum insured of Rs 1 lakh, with an upper limit of Rs 5 lakh. The policy term will be for one year. The minimum entry age will be 18 years with lifelong renewability and there is no exit age. The policy covers 22 diseases and treatments with a varying waiting period of from 24 to 48 months. It will be offered on an indemnity basis, and should not be combined with critical illness covers or benefit-based covers. The premium under this product will be the same across India, and no geographic location and pricing will be allowed. The insurers will now come up with product filing to the regulator and will have to offer it from April 1, 2020. Read Also Biodiversity governance Enroll today with the best civils service academy and take your first step towards your Civils journey. Feel free to reach out to us for any inquiries, collaborations, or support. We’re here to help. contact us
