• Article 21 A declares that the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such a manner as the State may determine. Thus, this provision makes only elementary education a Fundamental Right and not higher or professional education.

This provision was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002. Even before this amendment, the Constitution contained a provision for free and compulsory education for children under Article 45 in Part IV. However, being a directive principle, it was not enforceable by the courts.

• Department of Commerce’s DAVA (Drug Authentication and Verification Application) project has won the 2015 eASIA Award under Trade Facilitation category as announced by Asia Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (AFACT) in Tehran, Iran
• Award administered by: AFACT
  About DAVA Project-
• A significant step in the direction of Pharmaceuticals Authentication and Verification
• Contribute considerably in enhancing the brand image of our pharmaceutical exporters
  It is in the pilot stage and will be subsequently made mandatory for all pharmaceutical exports from India

India is the first country to be officially acknowledged as being Yaws-free, as per official citation from WHO and UNICEF.

Accomplishment is significant as–

India has achieved this important milestone of being Yaws-free much before the WHO global target year of 2020.

Also, India was validated for Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE) in April 2015, much ahead of the global target date of December 2015.

• Government of India’s National LED programme – Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) was launched in Madhya Pradesh.
• Scheme being implemented by- Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), a joint venture of PSUs under the Ministry of Power

• UJALA Scheme-

• In the State, 3 crore LED Bulbs will be distributed in the next 6 months under the Scheme.
• People of Madhya Pradesh will get energy efficient 9W LED bulbs at an upfront payment of just Rs. 85 per LED bulb.
• Within just one year, 9 crore bulbs have been distributed under UJALA Scheme, which helped consumers to save Rs 5500 crore every year.
• UJALA will not only help reduce consumers their electricity bills but also contribute to the energy security of India.
• UJALA scheme is being monitored in a transparent manner through a national dashboard (delp.in).

Factor Cost or Factor Income are the incomes received by the owners of the production (the households) for rendering their factor services to the producers. It is a measure of national income or output based on the cost of factors of production, instead of market prices. This allows the effect of any subsidy or indirect tax to be removed from the final measure.

The difference between a nation’s gross national product (GNP) andgross domestic product (GDP) is called NFIA. Net foreign factor income or NFIA is the difference between the aggregate amount that a country’s citizens and companies earn abroad, and the aggregate amount that foreign citizens and overseas companies earn in that country. The NFIA level is generally not substantial in most nations, since factor payments earned by their citizens and those paid to foreigners more or less offset each other. However, the NFAI’s impact may be significant in smaller nations with substantial foreign investment in relation to their economy and few assets overseas, since their GDP will be quite high compared to GNP

The basic difference between economic development and human development is that economic development entirely focuses on the increase of income whereas the human development believes in expanding and widening of all aspects of human life be it economic, social, political, cultural, etc. In economic aspect human development is one of the essential elements. The basic idea behind this is that it is the use of income and not the income itself that decides the human choices. Since, the real wealth of a nation is its people; therefore, the goal of development should be the enrichment of human life.

The GII is an inequality index. It measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human development—

reproductive health, measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates;

empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of adult females and males aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education;

and economic status, expressed as labour market participation and measured by labour force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older. So statement 3 is wrong.

The GII is built on the same framework as the IHDI — to better expose differences in the distribution of achievements between women and men. It measures the human development costs of gender inequality, thus the higher the GII value the more disparities between females and males and the more loss to human development.

GII =0 , represents fair equality and 1 represents very poor equality .

Tax revenues, an important component of revenue receipts, comprise of direct taxes – which fall directly on individuals (personal income tax) and firms (corporation tax), and indirect taxes like excise taxes (duties levied on goods produced within the country), customs duties (taxes imposed on goods imported into and exported out of India) and service tax.

Interest receipts and grants in aid also comes under revenue receipts.

Balance of payment under the condition of devaluation of domestic currency – J curve

Relationship between the rates of inflation and unemployment – Phillips curve

there was no caste divisions but evidences of class division was found.

The Bhimbetka rock shelters are an archaeological site of the Paleolithic, exhibiting the earliest traces of human life on the Indian Subcontinent, and thus the beginning of the Indian Stone Age. It is located in the Raisen District in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, near Abdullaganj town and inside the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary. At least some of the shelters were inhabited by Homo erectus over 100,000 years ago. Some of the Stone Age rock paintings found among the Bhimbetka rock shelters are some 30,000 years old. The caves also deliver early evidence of dance. They were declared a World Heritage Site in 2003.

In the BHimbetka  a painting  depicts a woman with her child tied to her waist throwing an arrow. From this we know that women were also involved in hunting.

mainly goddess Lakshmi and saraswathi were shown on coins.
The Gupta monarchs were famous for their gold coins. They also issued silver coins. However, coins made of copper, bronze or any other alloy metals are scarce.
The Gupta gold coin is known as dinaras. The gold coins of the Gupta rulers are the extraordinary examples of artistic excellence. The coins depicted the ruling monarch on the obverse and carried legends with the figure of a goddess on the reverse.

The artists depicted the ruler in various poses. The study of these imageries is very interesting. Mainly the images celebrated the martial qualities and the valor of the ruler. In many coins of Samudragupta, he is depicted as carrying an axe. In others, he is carrying a bow in his left hand and an arrow in his right hand. The coins of Kumaragupta I (c. 415-450 CE) depicted him riding an elephant and killing a lion. Another very interesting image of Samudragupta depicted him as playing veena.

https://civils360.com/2016/12/15/ancient-history/

Read necessary articles from this segment.

lonisation potential gradually increases along a period
In a given period, electronegativity increases as the atomic number increases

Gujarat chief minister Vijay Rupani dedicated India’s first laser technology-based advanced Automatic Vehicle Monitoring System (AVMS) RTO check-post at Shamlaji, Aravalli district. The check-post is equipped with advanced ray technology with a cost of 4.72 crore Rupees to check overloaded vehicles and fine them. It will help to eliminate influence of mafia and middlemen at checkposts.

https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-two-missions-to-explore-the-early-solar-system

RubSIS, developed by Rubber Research Institute of India (RRII) under the Rubber Board in collaboration with three agencies viz Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, ICAR and National Remote Sensing Center, ISRO, brings soil data to the fingerprints of rubber growers and recommends the optimum mix and quantities of chemical fertilizers that his holding requires. It is a cost effective tool for sustainable &scientific management of rubber growing soils. Apart from preventing indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and soil degradation, adoption of RubSIS will lead to reduction in the cost of production of rubber, increase in productivity and reduction in environmental pollution.

http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157609

Its cells work as Galvanic Cells while discharging power.
Its cells work as electrolytic cells while recharging

Both are correct because The habitat is a defined place or area of the environment according to the requirements of a particular life form.

The Namami Gange programme is an umbrella programme to ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga and all its tributaries. Under the current Namami Gange programme, other than river Ganga, pollution abatement work is taken up on certain critical tributaries like Ramganga, Kali and Yamuna as a first priority.

The works are executed by the State Project Management Groups (SPMGs) of the respective States through the designated Executing Agencies. In addition, 5 central public sector units, namely, Water and Power Consultancy Services Limited (WAPCOS), Engineer India Limited (EIL), National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited (NBCC), National Projects Construction Corporation Limited (NPCC) and Engineers Projects India Limited (EPIL) have been engaged to execute entry level activities in their respective river stretches in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

The NGRBA has resolved that no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluent will be discharged into river Ganga by year 2020. Construction and beautification of Ghats are included under “Entry Level Activities” of Namami Gange. As on 30th Sep., 2016, schemes for 118 Ghats have been approved in the five main-stem Ganga states.
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=154707

India’s four major reef areas are the Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kachchh, Lakshadweep, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty. The Convention has three main goals:
1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);
2. sustainable use of its components; and
3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources
Its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development. The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.

1: It falls under the fourth schedule.
2: These are covered by the Representation of People of India Act.
3: These are matters of the second schedule. It also covers emoluments, allowances etc..

The usual features of a federation, viz., two government, division of powers, written Constitution, supermacy of Constitution, rigidity of onstitution, independent judiciary and bicameralism.
However, the Indian Constitution also contains a large number of unitary or nonfederal features, like a strong Centre, single Constitution, single citizenship, flexibility of Constitution, integrated judiciary, appointment of state governor by the Centre, all-India services, emergency provisions etc.